0  ^ 

0 ; 

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PITMAN   PHONOGRAPHY 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


i^ALLAS,  TEXAS 


"^JS.-r^^ 


/rcz^^-^ 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arcliive 

in  2007  witli  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcli  ive.org/details/barnessliortliandmOObarniala 


BARNES' 


SHORTHAND  MANUAL 


Complete  ^elf-In^tiiuctoi?. 


RKVISKI)  EDITION. 


Designed  for   Home   Study,  and  for  use  in 
Schools,  Academies  and  Colleges, 


BY 


L.  E.  BULLARD  Barnes,  A.  M. 


PRICE,    $1.25. 


ST.  LOUIS: 
ARTHUR  J.  BARNES,  PUBLISHER. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1888, 
Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1889, 

By  L.  E.  BAENES, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 


PREFACE. 

This  book  was  not  written  because  the  author  wished  to  pro- 
mulgate any  new  theory  of  shorthand.    Pitman's  Phonography,  or 
modifications  of  Pitman's   system,  under  the  name  of   Graham, 
Munson,  etc.,  is  now  used  by  all  the  eminent  reporters  of   the 
English-speaking  world.    It  has  been  thoroughly  tested  and  im- 
proved in  the  daily  practice  of  over  two  hundred  thousand  steno- 
graphers within  the  last  fifty  years,  and  it  has  been  found  equal 
to  every  emergency.    We  prefer  this  system  to  any  theory  of  our 
own  or  of  others  whose  claim  to  superiority  rests  upon  the  words 
of  a  few  interested  individuals.     Hence,  this  book  contains  Pit- 
man's Phonography  (as  found  in  Isaac  Pitnjan's  ninth  edition  and 
in  Benn  Pitman's  Manual),  with  such  modifications  as  have  been 
adopted  by  a  vast  army  of  expert  reporters.    It  has  been  written 
because  the  author  has  found  no  text-book  that  makes  shorthand 
J2  appear  as  simple  as  it  really  is  and  that  teaches  the  reporting  style 
^  from  the  beginning.     In  this  work  the  student  is  not  taught  to 
>.  write  a  word  one  way  in  his  first  lessons,  another  way  when 
5  further  advanced,  but  he  is  taught  from  the  very  outset  to  write 
§  words  as  a  reporter  would  write  them.    Thus  the  student  mem- 
3  orizes  no  bad  or  awkward  forms.   He  learns  nothing  that  will  have 
to  be  unlearned,  or  that  is  unnecessary  for  the  skilled  reporter  to 
^   know.    He  learns  to  use  the  w  and  y  semicircles  as  the  reporter 
5*"   uses  them  instead  of  learning  the  more  difficult  method  of  the 
W    corresponding  style.    Unnecessary  difllculties  have  been  removed. 
5    The  explanations  are  clear,  the  classifications  natural  and  helpful, 
the  rules  explicit  and  easy  to  understand,  the  exceptions  few. 
The  author  has  shown  plainly  when  to  use  a  brief  sign,  such  as  a 
ij    hook,  circle,  etc.,  and  when  to  use  a  stroke  to  represent  a  conson- 
h    ant  sound,  when  to  halve  and  when  not  to  halve,  etc. 
g         Instead  of  using  both  sides  of  a  straight  stroke  for  the  shun 
hook,  the  large  final  hook  on  the  n  side  of  a  straight  stroke  is 
used  to  represent  thr,  tr,  or  dr.    Graham's  thr  tick  is  also  used. 

A  rule  has  been  given,  not  found  in  any  other  text-book,  by 
which  many  words,  like  child,  call,  care,  etc.,  may  be  correctly 
written,  without  the  necessity  of  memorizing  them  as  word-signs. 
Twenty  other  words  have  been  dropped  from  the  list  of  word- 
signs  because  the  natural  forms  are  easier,  not  only  for  the 


448450 


student  but  also  for  the  reporter.  Thus  the  number  of  word- 
signs  has  been  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  principles  upon  which 
contractions  are  based  are  so  clearly  set  forth  that  the  reason  as 
well  as  the  memory  aids  the  student  in  forming  them. 

While  this  volume  contains  the  results  of  ray  experience  of 
twenty  years  of  court  and  miscellaneous  reporting,  it  is  essen- 
tially the  outgrowth  of  the  school-room,  and  is  the  result  of  years 
of  painstaking  labor  on  the  part  of  my  wife.  Every  explanation, 
every  suggestion  in  it  first  found  voice  in  the  school-room,  was 
modified  by  repeated  teaching  and  was  crystallized  into  shape  by 
daily  contact  and  sympathy  with  the  pupil,  and  by  daily  endeavor 
to  remove  his  difficulties  and  to  make  his  study  of  phonography 
easy,  pleasant,  and  successful  in  the  highest  degree  possible.  The 
author  has  not  aimed  to  be  original.  Her  sole  aim  has  been  to 
make  a  shorthand  text-book  so  simple  that  the  average  intellect 
may  easily  grasp  its  principles  in  all  their  details,  so  clearly  writ- 
ten that  a  child  may  understand  and  apply  its  directions,  and  so 
complete  as  to  contain  all  the  material  needed  in  the  most  rapid 
reporting. 

While  good  instruction  is  needed  in  Shorthand  as  much  as  in 
any  other  branch  of  study,  it  is  believed  that  this  work  has  no 
equal  as  a  self-instructor.  Children  not  yet  through  the  multipli- 
cation table  have  mastered  its  contents.  It  has  been  written 
especially  for  those  who  cannot  afford  to  attend  a  shorthand  school 
and  for  those  teachers,  who,  knowing  nothing  of  Phonography,  yet 
find  themselves  confronted  with  a  demand  to  teach  Shorthand  to 
their  pupils. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  simplicity  of  this  little  book  will  lead  to  its 
introduction  into  common  schools,  not  only  because  Shorthand  is 
of  great  and  increasing  value  in  the  business  world,  but  because  it 
is  not  surpassed  by  either  the  languages  or  mathematics  as  a 
means  of  awakening  thought  and  of  stimulating  mental  activity. 
It  quickens  observation  and  gives  the  power  to  think  more  quickly 
and  accurately. 

If  this  work  shall  accomplish  for  a  few  of  the  general  public 
what  it  has  accomplished  for  our  own  pupils  in  aiding  them  to  a 
happier  and  better  means  of  living,  the  author  will  feel  that  her 
labor  has  not  been  in  vain. 

ARTHUR  J.  BARNES. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Consonant  Phonographs,  -  1 
Joining  Strokes,  -  -  3  and  5 
Consonant  Outlines  of  Words,  3 
Choice  of  Strokes  for  R,  -  8 
Long  Vowels,  _      _      _     9 

Short  Vowels,  -  -  -  12 
Diphthongs,  -  -  -  -  14 
Small  Circle,  -  -  -  -  16 
Large  Circle  and  Loops,  -  18 
When  to  use  the  Stroke  and 

when  the  Circle  for  S  or  Z,  20 
Review  Questions,  -  -  22 
Emp.  When  to  use  the  Stroke 

and  when  the  Tick  for  H,  24 
W  and  Y  Semi-circles,  -  -  26 
Position,  -----  28 
Review  Questions,  -  -  31 
Word-signs,  -  -  -  -  32 
L  and  R  Hooks  on  Straight 

Strokes,  -  -  -  -  36 
F,  V  and  N  Hooks  on  Straight 

Strokes,  -  -  -  -  39 
When  to  use  the  Stroke  and 

when  the  Hook  for  final  F, 

VorN,  -  -  -  -  -  40 
Circle  combined  with  Hooks 

on  Straight  Strokes,  -  -  42 
L  and  R  Hooks  on  Carves,   -   44 


Page. 
N   Hook  on  Curves,  Word- 
signs,      -----    46 
Halving,    -----    48 
When  to  Halve  and  when  not 

to  Halve,       -      -      -      -    60 
Double-length  Curves,        -   62 
Word-signs,     -      -      -      -   64 
Large  Hooks,   -      -      -      -   56 
Prefixes  and  affixes,      -      -   58 
Word-signs,     -      -      -      -    60 
Choice  of  Strokes  for  L,      -    62 
Ticks  for  The,  A,  An,  And,    -    62 
Review  Questions,        -      -   64 
Exceptions,      -      -      -      -    66 
Phrase-writing,      -      -      -    68 
Review  Questions,         -      -    73 
Miscellany,  Numerals,  Punct- 
uation, Derivatives,  Omis- 
sion of  Consonants,  Omis- 
sion of  Syllables,  Contrac- 
tions  and    Intersections, 
Omission  of  Words,  Final 
Directions,    -      -      -     74-78 
Review  Questions,         -      -   79 
List  of  Word-signs,       -     80-81 
Table  showing  all  the  Appen- 
dages of  the  Stroke,    -     82-83 


Shorthand  Cnatiaal. 
CONSOIfANT  PHONOGRAPHS. 


Phono- 
graplis.  Lattsi. 

\  P 

\    B 

Sssnd  as  ia 

pop 
bob 

Kame. 

Pe 
Be 

1       T 
D 

/igh/ 

died 

Te 
De 

/     CII 

c/iiiTcA,  cMn,  etc/i 

Chay 

/    J  G 
—    K 

J'e  m ,  ^em ,  j'n  d^e 
k\Q,k^  cat,  c//asm 

Jay 
Kay 

—    G 

V.    F 

^et,  Qgg,  g^g 
z'ie,  hiz;e 

Gay 

Ef 

Ve 

(      TH 

/>^igh,  brea//^ 

Ith 

(      ¥H 

My,  brea/>5e 

The 

)    s 

jee,  U5,  cent 

Es 

)    z 

^eal,  U2^,  ea^e 

Ze 

J     SH 

5^ake,  vicious,  \i\xsh 

Ish 

J    ZH 

a^ure,  vii'ion,  rou^e 

Zhe 

r  L 

^Ixxll 

Lay     Written  up 

~^    R 

ark,  fire 

Ar 

^   R 

rake,  fiery 

Ray  Always  written  up 

.-^    M 

waiw 

Era 

-^    N 

m«e 

En 

■^   NG 

si«^,  ba«:^,  si«k 
we,  always,  Oswego 

Ing 
Way 

^     Y          _;/es,  je,  Mayo               Yay 

^   H          ^ay,  i^igh,  Oma,4a        Hay  Always  written  up 

Except  in  case  of  horizontals,  and  ("  1,  ^.^^x  and^h, 

write   the   phonographs  with   a  downward  motion  of  the 

hand. 

DOUBLE  CONSONANTS. 

c 


(r>    e^ 


^p  r 


c  c^.^i^  cy 


mp,  w-1,  w-m,  w-n,  w-r,  tw,  dw,  kw,    gw,  Ir,    ml,    nl,      rl. 
mb,  qu, 


CONSONA.NT  PHONOGRAPHS. 


Phono- 

Name. 

Sound. 

graph. 

\ 

Pe  Represents  the  sound  of  p  as  m  piu,  rope. 

\ 

Be 

"            b      '<    bin,  robe, 

1 

Te 

"            t      "    to,  ate. 

1 

De 

"           d     "    do,  aid. 

/ 

Chay 

**           eh    "    chew,  each,  etch. 

/ 

Jay 

"jorsoftg"    Jem,  gem,  judge. 

— 

Kay 

•'           k      "    kick,  cat,  chasm. 



Gay 

"    hardg    "    get,  egg,  gag. 

1.  In  Shorthand,  words  are  written  exactly  as  they  sound,  with- 
out any  regard  to  the  usual  spelling.  Thus  in  Shorthand  know  is 
written  the  same  as  no;  rough  is  written  as  if  it  were  spelled  ruf ; 
dough  as  if  it  were  spelled  do;  judge  as  if  it  were  spelled  juj,  etc. 

The  signs  used  in  Shorthand  are  called  phonographs.  Every 
consonant  sound  has  its  own  phonograph  and  is  always  repre- 
sented by  that  phonograph,  no  matter  what  the  letters  are  in  the 
printed  word.  Thus,  the  words  kick,  cat,  chasm,  begin  with  dif- 
ferent letters  but  with  the  same  sound  and  with  the  same  phono- 
graph,—  k. 

2.  Notice  that  light  sounds  are  represented  by  light  phonographs 
and  heavy  sounds  by  heavy  or  shaded  phonographs.  Example: 
\  P.  \  b. 

3. Kay  and__Gay  are  always   written  from  left  to  right. 

The  other  phonographs  given  above  are  always  written  with  a 
dotomoard  motion  of  the  hand. 

4.  Memorize  the  sound,  name,  shading  and  direction  of  each  of 
the  above  phonographs. 


Shottthand  CQanual. 


Exercise  I. 

II     II     I  I     II     II 


Hl__l  I II 

^\    //\\   //\\  //\\  // 

*\\  I  I  // \\  I  I  // 

»_/l\    /l\_l\//\ 
e.„_L  ...N Z. .N L I Z.  - 

-■\ ^ h < > ■) > 

6.  The  last  two  lines  of  Exercise  I  should  be  read  as  follows : 
tk,  bk,  etc. 

Read  Exercise  1  until  you  can  read  it  without  hesitation.  In 
this  and  in  all  other  reading  exercises  in  the  book,  trace  the  exer- 
cise with  a  wooden  point  or  dry  pen  as  you  read  it.  After  it  has 
become  familiar,  copy  the  same  carefully  until  you  can  reproduce 
the  exercise  with  accuracy  and  ease.  As  you  write  it,  give  the 
sounds  aloud,  thus  educating  eye,  ear,  and  hand  together. 

6.  Make  the  phonographs  of  uniform  length,  about  one-sixth  of 
an  inch  long,  or  as  long  as  the  distance  between  each  pair  of  lines 
in  phonographic  double-line  copy  books. 

7.  Be  very  careful  not  to  slant  ]  Te  or  |  De. 

8.    Kay  and  Gay  should  rest  on  the  line  of  writing  (the 

lower  line  in  double-line  copy  books)  and  should  be  made  just  as 
long  as  the  other  phonographs  and  no  longer. 

Consonant  Outlines. 

9.  As  has  been  said  before,  words  are  written  in  shorthand  as 
they  sound  without  any  regard  to  the  usual  spelling.  All  silent 
letters  are  therefore  omitted.  A  reporter  generally  omits  the 
vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  final  w  and  y ;  that  is,  he  represents  only  the 
consonant  sounds  in  a  word. 


Shorthand  CQanual. 


8 


10.  Join  the  second  consonant  to  the  first,  the  third  consonant 
to  the  second,  etc.,  without  lifting  the  pencil.  This  will  form  the 
consonant  outline  of  a  word.  Examples  of  consonant  outlines  of 
words : 

L    k     L    ^     ;     /     k_ 

tk  tb  dk  pk  dch  jj  tbk 

take         tube      decay        peck         ditch         judge        tobacco 

11.  Notice  that  a  double  letter  is  represented  by  a  single  phono- 
graph. Thus,  tobacco  is  written  in  shorthand  as  if  it  were  spelled 
tobako. 

12.  There  is  no  c  or  x  in  shorthand.  C  is  always  represented 
by  either  k  or  s,  and  x  is  represented  by  ks  or  gz,  according  to  its 
sound. 

13.  In  joining  two  down  strokes,  the  first  rests  on  the  line  of 
writing,  and  the  second  goes  below  the  line,  and  is  just  as  long  as 
the  first  stroke.    See  Exercise  1,  line  7. 

14.  Write  the  consonant  outlines  of  the  words  given  below. 
Write  them  carefully,  thoughtfully,  slowly. 


Phono- 
graph. 

( 
( 

; 
) 


Writing  Exercise. 

take  duck'  dodge 

bake  chalk  judge 

be^  touch  depot 

dug  Dutch  Dakota 

joke  pitch  baggage 

jug'  badge  bedeck 

peck  batch  Jacob 

Consonant  Phonographs — Continued. 
Name.  Sound. 

Ef'denotes  the  sound  of  f  as  in  fee,  off,  cough. 

Ve 

Ith 

The 

Es 

Ze 

Ish 

Zhe 


V      '« 

vie,  hive. 

th  " 

thigh,  breath. 

th  " 

thy,  breathe. 

s  " 

see,  us,  cent. 

z    " 

zeal,  Uz,  ease. 

sh   ' 

shoe,  sure,  vicious. 

zh  '« 

azure,  vision,  rouge 

4  ShoPtHand  fllanual. 

15.  Notice  that  the  th  in  breath  is  a  whispered  sound  and  is  there- 
fore represented  by  a  light  phonograph  f  Ith.  Inbreathe  the  th 
is  a  heavier,  spoken  sound  and  is  represented  by  the  heavy  phonoi 
graph  {  The. 

16.  Except  Ish  _J  all  of  the  above  phonographs  are  always  writ- 
ten down,  Ish  ^  is  always  written  down  when  alone;  but  when 
joined  to  other  strokes,  it  is  sometimes  written  up  for  the  sake  of 
a  good  joining. 

17.  Remember  that  these  phonographs  are  each  a  part  of  a  circle 
and  that  they  should  curve  uniformly  from  beginning  to  end.  If 
you  find  it  difficult  to  make  them,  practice  the  following  flguies 
until  you  succeed  in  getting  a  uniform  curve : 

..^.....(D.-...^......L-.v,.....(:...(.....I.L-J.J.. 

18.  Slant  l^  ^  and  ^y  ^  from  the  very  beginning  to  the  end. 
(  (  and  )  )  should  not  slant  at  all.  When  making  the  latter,  curve 
to  the  right  or  left  until  you  are  half  way  down,  then  curve  in  un- 
til you  come  to  a  point  just  under  the  beginning  of  the  stroke. 
The  end  of  these  strokes  should  be  exactly  under  the  beginning. 

19.  Read  and  write  exercise  below  according  to  directions  given 
for  the  preceding  exercise. 

Exercise  1 — Coxtinued. 

«  (  I  )   C  I  )     (I)     (!))()( 

»  ( (   ) )    ( (    ) .)    (  (    ))    (  (    )  ) 

'»v\/^  v\/y  v\/y  w/y 

uKX  J  J  \K  J  J  VV  yy  VV  M 

--\-v-v--v--f--') -V-- 


ask- 

faith  ■ 

shaky 

tissue 

espy 

defy 

shabby 

death 

above 

dizzy 

Aztec 

shove 

shadow 

depth 

ShoPthand  Ctlanual  5 

20,    Draw  each  phonograph  with  care  and  precision.    Accuracy 

and  thoroughness  should  be  the  sole  aim  of  the  beginner.    Those 

who  wish  to  become  proficient  in  shorthand  as  speedily  as  possible, 

will  not  leave  any  lesson  until  they  know  exactly  everything  in  it. 

They  will  review' each  day  the  lesson  learned  the  day  before,  and 

at  the  end  of  each  week  they  will  review  all  learned  during  the 

week* 

Writing  Exercise. 

flfe 

veto 

vouch 

fetch 

tooth 

tithe 

thatch 

Consonant  Phonographs— Concluped. 

Phono-        Name.  Sound, 

graph. 

r  Lay  represents  the  sound  of  1  as  in  lull. 

"^  Ar  " 

/  Ray  " 

^-%  Em  " 

^^  En  " 

v^  Ing  " 

"^  Way  " 

r  Yay  " 

/'  Hay  " 

21  a.  Hay  and  Kay  are  always  written  up. 
up  when  alone,  and  is  generally,  but  not  always,  written  up  when 
joined  to  other  strokes.  When  written  down  f  is  called  El.  Ish 
Is  seldom  written  up. 

c.  Horizontals  are  written  from  left  to  right.  The  other  phono- 
graphs are  always  written  down. 

22.  Cautions:  a.  Curve  /^  1,  ^  r,  "^  w,  and  ^  y  always  out 
at  the  bottom,  that  is,  slant  them  like  \  or  /.  b.  Make  both 
the  hook  and  the  main  line  of  Hay  perfectly  straight. 

c.  When  alone,  slant  Hay  and  Ray  more  than  Chay.  When 
joined  to  other  strokes,  their  slope  should  be  the  same  as  that 
of  Chay. 

Copy:     r      ^     ..^   .      >v_^^^^/^cr^ 


r 

(( 

ark,  fire. 

r 

K 

rake,  fiery. 

in 

<( 

may,  Tom. 

n 

<( 

nine. 

ng 

i( 

long,  sing,  bank. 

w 

(< 

we,  Iowa. 

y 

(( 

yc,  yes,  Mayo. 

h 

(( 

he,  high,  Omaha. 

ten 

up. 

b.     Lay  is  written 

23.  When  joined  to  other  strokes,  Ray  is  distinguished  from 
Chay  by  its  direction,  Ray  being  always  written  up  and  Chay  al- 
ways \*Titten  down. 

Examples. 


y1      ^ 

rch  chr 


rp  chp  m 

EXERCISE  NO.  2. 


C   / 

chn         ch 


^.-.-.^. 


..i 


....L........^...^......y <c...._  c- c 

„.z...,z..z:..z.^...^. 

.:7. .7A....rr\....^ rrk  j:? 


-k^.._..X^ 


,  9 


.A. 


10 <rt 


J 


1^ V-Z....A.. 


Shorthand  manual.  7 

JOrNTNG  STROKES. 

24.  The  first  down  stroke  (or  up  stroke)  in  a  word  should  rest 
on  the  line  of  writing  (the  lower  line  in  double-line  copy-books), 
and  the  other  strokes  go  where  they  may,  whether  above  or  below 
the  line.    Therefore: 

25.  In  joining  two  down  strokes,  the  first  rests  on  the  line  of 
writing,  and  the  second  goes  below  the  line,  and  is  just  as  long 
as  the  first  stroke. 

26.  In  joining  two  up  strokes,  the  first  begins  on  the  line,  is 
written  up,  and  the  second  stroke  is  made  above  the  first,  and  is 
just  as  long  as  the  first.     See  Exercise  2,  line  5. 

27.  When  a  horizontal  is  followed  by  a  down  stroke,  the  hori- 
zontal is  written  high,  so  that  the  down  stroke  will  rest  upon  the 
line.    Be  very  careful  to  observe  this  rule.  See  line  6. 

28.  An  outline  composed  entirely  of  horizontals  should  rest  on 
the  line.    See  Exercise  2,  line  3. 

29.  In  most  cases  there  should  be  a  good  point  or  plainly  marked 
angle  at  the  joining  of  two  strokes.  There  should  always  be  an 
angle  between  V_  f  or  ^  v,  and  ^-^  n  or  >^.^  ng,  also  between 
^land-'-^m.    See  line   7. 

30.  When  a  light  and  a  heavy  stroke  join  without  an  angle,  the 
shading  should  be  gradual,  as  in  ordinary  writing.  Do  not  pause 
in  the  middle  of  a  line  to  change  the  shading.  For  example: 
write  log  thus/"^       ,  not  ^      T  See  Exercise  2,  line   8. 

31.  Use  Ray  for  r  in  the  exercise  below. 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

Take,  bake,  choke,  peck,  beg,  tug,  duck,  jug,  tub,  job,  dip, 
touch,  Dutch,  pitch,  batch,  bSdge,  dodge,  judge,  fetch,  fife,  five, 
vouch,  veto,  tooth,  death,  dizzy,  asthma,  ask,  shake,  asp,  shape, 
shadow,  both,  faith,  thatch,  sheaf,  shove,  lip,  lady,  love,  make, 
mail,  money,  neck,  name,  king,  among,  gong,  awakej>*waylay, 
yellow,  hcjid,  honey,  hung,  heavy,  lily,  holy,  herb,  Lehigh,  came, 
mummy,  roar,  cape,  nave,  cage,  knob,  funny,  fang,  lame,  knife, 
move,  mop,  vying,  pony,  rub,  chubby, /rich,  cherry^cheek,  rock, 
review,  niche,  catch,  Mary,  ripe,  road,  chime,  chilly,  rash,  rung, 
hatch,  rmughtr,  kitty,  nap,  became,  shame,  muff,^ite,  right, 
wrighllmo,  knowygurry,  writhe,  coach,  pig,  namely,  notary,  wreck, 
zeroiW>ach,  sherry ,ycash,  giddy,  mulatto,  Fanny,  rosy,  page,  body, 
damage,  epitome,  engage,  notoriety,  knife,  tiny,  nothing,  keg, 
Chicago,  data,  dialo^e,  ind^ipiiity.  Interior,  leaf,  terror,  deputy> 
budge,  locked,  kicked,  knock,  apology,  chimney,  evoked,  fishing, 


8  Shorthand  Hlsinual. 

USE  OF  ^  AR  OR  /  RAY,  EL.  OR  LAY. 

32.  The  name  Ar  begins  with  a  vowel.  Ar  "^  at  the  beginning 
of  an  outline  generally  indicates  that  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel 
sound.    "If  a  vowel  goes  before,  the  letter  you  must  lower." 

The  name  Kay  ends  in  a  vowel  sound.  Ray  /  at  the  end  of 
an  outline  generally  indicates  that  the  word  ends  in  a  vowel  sound. 
"But  a  vowel  at  the  end  makes  the  letter  to  ascendr" 

33.  However,  there  are  two  considerations  that  determine 
whether  Ar  or  Ray  should  be  used,  the  angle  and  the  vowel;  gen- 
erally the  angle  is  more  important.  See  Art.  23.  The  one  rule 
that  governs  all  other  rules  in  shorthand  is  this:  Choose  that  out- 
line which  is  firsts  most  easily  read ;  and  second^  most  easily  wntten. 
Hence  the  following  rules. 

34:.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  sound  before  r,  as  In  ark, 
arm,  etc.,  Ar  ^  should  be  used,  provided  it  makes  a  good  angle 
with  the  following  stroke.  Thus,  ~^  may  be  used  before  "~^  \. 
or  \  preceded  by  a  vowel,  but  not  before  other  down  strokes  nor 
before  v-^because  it  does  not  make  a  good  angle  with  these  strokes. 
Ex.   '\       ark,  ~Y^  early,  "^     orb,  /f  arch,  /^"^"^  arena. 

36  When  a  word  begins  with  r  or  the  sound  of  r,  Ray  /  should 
be  used,  as  in  rope,  rack,  etc;  but  use  Ar  ~^  before  •'~^  because  / 
does  not  make  a  good  angle  with^--^   Ex.    /\  rub,  ^\_^  Rome. 

36.  When  a  word  ends  in  a  vowel  sound  after  r  use  Ray  as  in 
tarry        [/,  flery  'k.^,  etc. 

37.  When  a  word  ends  in  the  sound  of  r  use  Ar  ~^  Ex. 
Tear        ,     But  after  ^-^  or    /  use   /  because  it  is  easier  and 


plainer.  Ex.  ^-^  Moor,       /    roar,  ^~\_^       inferior. 

38.  In  the  middle  of  an  outline  use  whichever  r  makes  a  sharp 
point  or  angle  with  the  other  strokes  to  which  it  is  joined. 

39.  a.    After  ._^  or  ^_^use  the  downward  1  (El)  for  the  sake 
of  the  angle. 

b.  After  \^  V  /or  ^  use  El  provided  no  vowel  fol- 
lows 1,  as  in  the  words  fail,  veil,  roil.  But  if  a  vowel  follows  1 
as  in  the  words  fellow,  roily,  etc.,  use  Lay. 

A  silent  vowel  is  regarded  as  no  vowel  at  all. 

c.  After  other  strokes  Lay  is  generally  used.  Further  rules 
for  1  will  be  given  hereafter. 


UWYER 
Shorthand  mailAJJiifrS.  TEX  A'         9 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Ark,  rake,  Argo,  rogiie,  orb,  rob,  row,  write,  rock,  ear, 
door,  tear,  tarry,  bear,  Barry,  jar,  Jerry,  bore^  boffow,  fairy,  fair, 
pour,  tore,  army,  rim,  shore,  morrow,  sherry,  mar,  roar.  Are,  fiery, 
hero,  rear,  ruby,  cherry,  Europe,  Rome,  urge,  earth,  room, 
merino,  dairy,  arch,  aright,  rhyme,  four,  inferior,  interior,  shower, 
arena, carry,  jury,  arrear. 

Nail,  NeTlie,  file,  veil,  roil,  follow,  roily,  vile,  mail,  valley, 
pail,  doll,  chill,  leap,  lady,  fellow,  rally,  lower,  latch,  vowel,  relay, 
fowl,  folly,  assail,  leaf,  early,  rely,  hourly,  Laura,  rill,  liar,  lore, 
alarm,  fuel,  guile,  tall. 

LONG  VOWELS. 

40.  The  long  vowel  sounds  are  denoted  by  heavy  dots  and 
dashes. 

41.  A  dot  or  a  dash  represents  one  sound  when  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  stroke,  another  sound  when  at  the  middle^  and  still 
another  when  at  the  end  of  a  stroke.  The  vowels  below  are 
placed  by  the  stroke  [  t. 

•|        -I       .1       -I       -I       -I 

E  A  AH  AW  0  00 

•|      -I    V-     r     -I     J 

eat  ate  arm  thaw         owed         ooze 

42.  A  heavy  dot  at  the  beginning  of  a  stroke  signifies  long  E, 
like  E  in  me ;  the  same  heavy  dot  at  the  middle  of  a  stroke  denotes 
long  A,  liiie  A  in  may;  and  at  the  end  of  a  stroke,  a  heavy  dot 
represents  the  sound  of  AH,  as  heard  in  arm  or  alms.  Examples, 
I '  tea,  I  •  day,  X,  Pa. 

43.  A  heavy  dash  at  the  beginning  of  a  stroke  represents  the 
sound  of  AW  as  heard  in  awl,  call,  walk,  ought;  when  at  the 
middle  of  a  stroke,  the  same  heavy  dash  means  long  O  like  O 
in  old,  go;  and  at  the  end  of  a  stroke  it  denotes  the  long  sound  of 
00  as  heard  in  the  words  ooze,  move,  food,  pool. 

44.  Remember  that  these  vowel  signs  do  not  represent  letters, 
"but  sounds,  each  sign  representing  always  the  same  sound.  Thus, 
a  heavy  dash  at  tlic  middle  of  a  stroke  always  represents  the  long 
sound  of  O,  as  heard  in  the  words  go,  no,  so.  It  never  stands  for 
short  O,  as  heard  in  not. 


10  Shofthaftd  manual. 

45.  Those  vowels  which  are  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  strode 
are  called  flrst-place  vowels,  those  at  the  middle  of  a  stroke  are 
called  second-place,  and  those  at  the  end  of  a  stroke  are  called 
third-place  vowels. 

46.  The  order  of  reading  and  writing  in  Shorthand  is  the  same 
as  in  long-hand,  from  left  to  right,  and  from  above  downward.  If 
a  vowel  is  placed  at  the  left  of  a  stroke^  it  is  read  before  it;  if  it  is 
placed  at  the  right  of  a  stroke,  it  is  read  after  it.  See  line  1.  If 
a  vowei  is  placed  above  a  horizontal,  —  k,  -^  g,  ^— ->  m,  ^-— ^  n, 
^ —  ng,  it  is  read  before  the  horizontal.  If  below  the  horizontal, 
it  is  read  after  it.    See  line  2. 

47.  The  dots  and  dashes  should  be  written  close  to,  but  should 
not  touch  the  stroke.  Dash  vowels  are  written  at  right  angles  to 
the  stroke.    Copy  lines  3  and  4  many  times. 

48.  Since  flrst-place  vowels  belong  at  the  beginning  of  a  stroke, 
they  must  be  written  at  the  bottom  of  the  up  strokes,   ^  h, 
/  r,  and  (^  1 ;  and  third-place  vowels  must  be  put  at  the  top  or 
end  of  these  strokes.    Copy  line  5  many  times. 

49.  All  the  consonants  in  a  word  are  written  without  lifting  the 
pencil,  and  the  vowels  are  inserted  afterward,  if  at  all.  In  words 
containing  several  vowels,  only  the  most  prominent  vowels  need 
be  inserted.    Example,  „ — «/ll    nierino. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Pay,  bee,  bay,  tea,  tow,  day,  dough,  do,  key,  caw,  fee,  foe,  thaw, 
thee,  though,  they,  say,  sew,  lay,  low,  mow,  may,  me,  know,  no, 
nay,  knee,  gnaw,  woe,  woo,  yea,  hay,  he,  hoe,  so,  ode,  oak,  eke, 
eat,  aid,  ache,  ale,  each,  age,  go,  own,^eel,  awl,  Esau,  Pa,  arm, 
ark,  all.  Eve,  ace,  aim,  oath,  ape,  ate,  owed,  paw,  Poc,  pooh,  Abe, 
she,  shah,  jaw,  fay,  pshaw,  jay,  fa,  show,  ease,  law,  owes,  ooze, 
Lou,  la,  moo,  way.  Ma,  saw,  coo,  oak,  gay,  ha,  dame,  talk,  beach, 
bake,  beak,  poke,  ark,  rake,  rope,  beer,  bore,  team,  tame,  tore, 
pall,  deer,  pale,  cheer,  mower,  rear,  ore,  keep,  cage,  make,  comb, 
gauge,  arm,  choke,  joke,  knave,  shame,  babe,  four,  leer,  shape, 
lake,  nail,  heed,  hate,  both,  faith,  mail,  leech,  ball,  fall,  meal, 
kneel,  sheer,  gall,  veer,  beam,  bier,  loathe,  lame,  mole,  name, 
reachj^roach,  heath,  bail,  Nero,  obey,  decay,  dome,  poach,  bathe, 
balk,  peel,  teach,  tall,  tear,  shave,  deal,  peek,  kale,  teeth,  Paul, 
vacate,  below,  also,  delay,  dado,  daub,  cake. 


EXERCISE  NO.  3. 


_     \     X     (■ 


V 
5       ^ 


C      A" 


v.. 


>  -^ 


11 


12 


13 


U 


<• 


0    KV    r»^    ^    X-.     XI 

10  V  .^  rc^  V  r 

■■  T  ^   I   S  ^ 


15  V      s 


/O-.. 


11 


\        /       \. 


Jv  J 

-)    -) 


> 


^    ^     a     <r<\     ^ 
'\     ■)"    F    -A  ./V 


V 

L     Vc 


12  ShoPthand  CQanual. 


SHORT  VOWELS. 


50.  The  short  vowels  are  indicated  by  light  dots  and  dashes 
placed  respectively  at  tJie  beginning,  middle,  and  end  of  a  con- 
sonant, and  therefore  called  first-place,  second-place,  and  third- 
place  vowels. 


1  e  a  o  u  00 

I      \       .1       -|       X      u 

It  ebb  at  odd  np  took 

61.  As  seen  in  the  above  diagram,  a  first-place  light  dot  repre- 
sents the  short  sound  of  i  as  heard  in  the  words  it,  in,  tip;  a 
second-place  light  dot  represents  the  short  sound  of  e  as  heard  in 
the  words  egg,  met;  and  a  third-place  light  dot  represents  the 
short  sound  of  a,  as  heard  in  the  words  at,  that,  cat. 

52.  A  first-place  light  dash  represents  the  short  sound  of  o,  as 
heard  in  the  words  odd,  pop;  a  second-place  light  dash  represents 
the  short  sound  of  u,  as  heard  in  the  words  up,  us,  tub ;  and  a 
third -place  light  dash  represents  the  short  sound  of  oo,  as  heard 
in  the  words  foot,  pull,  w^ool. 

53.  The  vowel  sound  heard  in  sir,  bur,  her,  is  represented  by 
the  second-place  light  dash  -    ,  the  same  as  in  up. 

54.  When  a  vowel  comes  between  two  strokes,  be  careful  to 
observe  the  following  rule : 

a.  All  first-place  vowels,  and  long  second-place  vowels 
between  two  strokes,  are  written  after  the  first  stroke. 

b.  All  third-place  vowels,  and  short  second-place  vowels 
between  two  strokes,  are  written  before  the  second  stroke. 

WRITING  EXICRCISE. 

It,  ill,  if,  tip,  dip,  bib,  tick,  ditch,  chick,  gill,  fib,  vim,  lip,  lily, 
filly,  bell,  peck,  leg,  neck,  wreck,  head,  knell,  add,  patch,  catch, 
rag,  rap,  map,  nap,  valley,  lamb,  sham,  top,  dock,  lock,  chop,  folly, 
volley,  Polly,  knotty,  knobj  duck,  pug,  bug,  jug,  rum,  lull,  shove, 
thumb,  mull,  muS,  puffy,  funny,  took,  pull,  rook/  push,  shook, 
nook,  look,  book,  cook,  pulley,  bush,  pussy,  valley,  Fannie,  foggy, 
lacky,  shaggy,  Hannah,^oppy,  dolly,  dummy,  bevy. 


,^ppy 


EXERCISE  NO.  4. 


13 


1       V       L      I'-s 


\      ') 


A 


■^  /7  /\  Z_. 

^       \  iT  .C  J 

IL     '-A  /A  ^  ^ 

'~\  (A 


/I 


/I 


/X 


J    1    VJ 


8 

s  <•  > 

.;  <   k  < 

!) 

'  \   u   n' 

M'    r    <rT    c-s- 

10 

V  \  s. 

>/    >\^  M    .-^ 

u 

r    ^.^^ 

'•  r  V    ^   ^ 

12 

^  V   t . 

..  n    ^/ 

13 

1 

v>  ^  ^■ 

H 

Cr  Cr   _y 

y-^  ^  Y 

15 

1                                      1 

-,     VI  -Tv"^   H^. 

14  ShoPthand  manual. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

"I         1      'J         .1^ 

I  01  ow  u 

I  l— X  I  ti  aI  Vj\  /n  V_n 

die        item  toy        oil  out        vow         sue         few 

55,  When  convenient,  flrst-place  diphthongs  may  be  joined  to 
the  beginning  of  a  stroke,  as  in  the  words  item  and  oil  given 
above;  and  third-place  diphthongs  may  be  joined  at  the  end  of  a 
stroke,  as  in  the  word  vow. 

BESUMi:  OF  THE  VOWELS. 

LONG.  SHORT.  DIPHTHONGS. 

I  VIA   01 


1. 

E  • 

"AW 

i 

—    v 

o 

2. 
3. 

A  • 

AH  . 

-0 
_00 

e  • 
a  . 

-  ii 

00 

OW  .|nU 

66.  The  first-place  vowel  sounds  are  found  in  order  in  the 
sentence,  "lie  saw  it  on  my  boy;"  the  second-place  are  con- 
tained in,  "Jane  Jones,  get  up;"  and  the  third -place  in,  "Artie, 
move  that  wool  'round  you." 

57.  Study  the  vowels  until  you  can  give  them  up  and  down, 
across,  forwards  and  backwards,  without  the  least  hesitation. 

WRITING  EXEKCISE. 

Tie,  time,  dime,  pipe,  lime,  ripe,  toy,  boy,  boil,  foil,  roil,  annoy, 
cow,  bough,  row,  vow,  avow,  foul,  shower,  bower,  pew,  few,  dew, 
cube,  tube,  fume,  lure,  our,  owl,  pike,  bile,  thou,  out,  raew,  timely, 
view,  joy,  tire,  mouth,  couch,  knife,  fire,  fiery,  fuel,  review,  rhyme, 
coil,  beam,  balm,  meek,  calm,  ninny,  Nannie,  pick,  pack,  vile, 
vowel,  mile,  mule,  poke.  Puck,  robe,  rub,  dome,  dumb,  gem,  jam, 
dale,  dell,  game,  meadow,  pour,  purr,  four,  fur,  palm,  pair,  poor. 
Moor,  Armada,  farm,  form,  moody,  doom,  ci^ol,  calm,  xGuinea, 
loaf,  love,  lady,  mellow,  Nellie,  boom,  sha^re,  chair,  room,  Madge, 
dare,  tooth,  pool, hatch,  move,  hash,  bouquet,  cuckoo,  duchy,  jocky, 
jolly,  penny,  jelly,  bellow,  ice,  item,  idea,  ideal,  flfe,  five,  decoy, 
enjoy,  duty,  ivy,  eyes,  icy,  allow,  pouch,  dike,  guile,  alive,  tile* 
lion,  Lima,  deny,  endue,  downy,  China,  areiia,  hourly,  mica, 
attire,  dial,  towel,  lounge,  defy,  untie,  undo,  pica,  Powell,  liar, 
boiler,  gouge,  toiler,  envoy,  loyalty. 


EXERCISE  HO.  5. 


15 


t^   r   v-A,  v 


2 

') 

U 

T 

/ 

T. 

V      ^. 

3 

V 

^ 

r 

aT 

A^-^ 

r      ^^ 

4 

A 

"^ 

V 

^ 

/* 

-^    > 

5 

J 

i 

^ 

I, 

A 

w^     V^. 

6 

Iv 

\ 

\ 

.> 

^ 

^      { 

7 

^ 

\ 

S 

c 

> 

\  H 

8 

2 

o|.. 

.r 

r 

AV; 

Y<    t-^ 

9 

IV 

^    . 

^■ 

V 

>" 

■     ^ 

10 

^ 

r 

n 

6 

1 

IX 

1    .^^ 

11 

r 

^-^ 

n 

^ 

^.    V 

12 

Sr^  4^   Vl 

.<i 

pw    ^ 

13 

^ 

-   '-r 

i>^  d:^  /<r 

M'    5^ 

H 

\A.  /^ 

'            n 

N    </T-   Y^- 

r-^ry- 

15 

-^"-^ 

^^^. 

^ 

1    .  V. 

^^\^ 

16  Shorthand  Hlanual. 

CIRCLES    S   ANI>   Z. 

68.  A  small  circle  °  called  Iss,  represents  the  sound  of  s  or  z, 
and  is  generally  used  instead  of  the  stroke  for  s  or  z. 

f-    '\     r    X    ^    _.    r- 

stay        soap        city        buzz         some  gas       lose 

59.    When  the  circle  begins  an  outline,  it  is  read  not  only  before 

the  stroke,  but  before  any  vowel  that  may  precede  the  stroke; 

that  is,  it  is  read  before  everything  else.    See  line  1. 
GO.    When  the  circle  ends  an  outline,  it  is  read  not  only  after  the 

stroke,  but  after  any  vowel  that  may  follow  the  stroke ;  that  is,  it 

is  read  after  everything  else.    See  line  2. 

61.  Straight  Strokes.  When  joined  to  a  straight  stroke, 
Iss  must  always  be  written  with  a  motion  contrary  to  that  of  the 
hands  of  a  clock,  the  same  motion  as  is  used  in  writing  the  capital 

letter  (iP.  Making  Iss  with  the  c/ motion,  puts  it  always  on 
the  right  side  of  a  down  stroke,  on  the  left  side  of  an  up  stroke,  and 
on  the  upper  side  of  a  horizontal.  See  lines  3  and  4.  The  student 
must  observe  this  direction,  for  the  circle  has  a  different  meaning 
when  placed  on  the  other  side  of  a  straight  stroke. 

62.  When  joined  to  a  curve,  or  when  between  two  straight 
strokes,  Iss  is  written  the  easiest  way  as  follows : 

63.  Curves.  Iss  is  always  written  on  the  inside  of  curves. 
See  line  5. 

64.  Between  Strokes. 

a.  When  Iss  occurs  between  a  straight  stroke  and  a  curve,  it  is 
written  on  the  inside  of  the  curve.    See  line  7. 

b.  Between  two  straight  strokes,  Iss  is  written  on  the  outside 
of  the  angle.    See  line  8. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Omit  vowels.  Piece,  boys,  ties,  does,  chase,  joys,  guess,  race, 
this,  saves,  seems,  sour,  snows,  shoes,  signs,  less^  ashes,  ways, 
yes,  hours,  slope,  smoke,  scheme,  Smith,  lacks,  lax,  fix,  sick,  six, 
heroes,  debase,  advice,  factious,  notice,  obvious,  soaks,  sinks, 
skip,  hedges,  sledge,  surveys,  serge,  surpass,  passive,  baser, 
cousin,  besom,  hats,  basin,  dozen,  beseech,  dusty,  testy,  dusk, 
museum,  dissolve,  Cincinnati,  reason,  receipt,  dispatch,  spike, 
locks,  syrup,  hues,  nozzle,  stakes,  mosquitoes,  sincerity,  fastens, 
cellars,  incites,  miseries,  muscles,  salaries,  lesser,  despoil, 
Sandusky,  ditches,  searches,  absolve,  resolve,  Missouri. 


EXERCISE  NO.  6. 


1       f        .^         >^ 
^      \  I-         /* 

3 


\     \'       L* 


T 


c 


Q-£>  Q«P  ^*  '^* 


<r~b 


r 


•f 


^. 


>^ 


17 


T      .r 


•  No 


r 


r  s 


J-      J-     '"^    >    > 

e:.   L.  s^  v^    r' 

o  ^  ^  r^  /.    j:^     ^ 


<^. 


y^ 


18  Shorthand  ftlaftaal. 

CIRCLES  SEZ,  SES,  ZES,  ZEZ. 

65.  A  large  circle  called  Sez  indicates  two  sounds  of  s  or  z,  as 
sez,  ses,  zes,  or  zez,  heard  in  the  words  pieces,  recess,  possess, 
gazes.    See  line  1. 

6G.    Iss  may  be  added  to  final  Sez.    See  line  2. 

LOOPS  ST,  ZD,  a:^d  str. 

67.  A  small  loop  called  Steh  represents  the  sound  of  st  or  zd. 

68.  A  large  loop  called  Ster  represents  the  sound  of  str. 

69.  Iss  may  be  added  to  final  Steh  and  Ster.     See  line  7. 

70.  The  loops  should  be  narrow^  Steh  half  as  long,  and  Ster 
two-thirds  as  long  as  a  strolje. 

71.  When  Steh  can  be  conveniently  joined,  it  may  be  used 
initially.    See  line  10.    Its  chief  use  is  at  the  end  of  words. 

72.  In  rare  cases  the  loops  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of 
words;  but,  unlike  the  circles,  the  loops  cannot  be  formed  by  the 
crossing  of  two  strolies,  but  are  written  as  in  line  11. 

73.  Sez,  Steh,  and  Ster  are  merely  modiiications  of  Iss,  hence 
they  are  written  on  the  same  side  of  a  stroke  as  the  small  circle 
Iss  is.  See  Articles  61  and  63.  See  Table  at  end  of  book,  first 
six  columns.    Copy  these  columns  many  times. 

74.  With  the  exception  of  the  rule  for  the  circle  between  two 
strokes  (see  Article  64)  all  I'ules  for  the  circle  apply  equally  to  the 
loops. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Omit  vowels.  Passes,  past,  pastor,  pieces,  passed,  pastors,  post- 
ers, baste,  boasts,  bosses,  box,  boxes,  toes,  toast,  toaster,  toasts, 
toasters,  abscess,  abscesses,  beast,  beasts,  cast,  casts,  castor,  cas- 
tors, kiss,  kisses,  kissed,  jest,  jester,  jests,  jesters,  guess,  guessed, 
mist,  mister,  musters,  nest,  haste,  hissed,  hisses,  fosters,  fasts, 
taste,  lasts,  dispose,  arrest,  amazed,  repast,  safest,  still,  lustre, 
faster,  refused,  best,  just,  justify,  noises,  steal,  store,  possessed, 
voices,  dust,  tests,  Chester,  testify,  phases,  successes,  gust,  gazed, 
vaster,  rust,  excesses,  roasts,  guest,  tastes,  dispossesses,  Missis- 
sippi, duster,  dusters,  necessary,  system,  stole,  star,  storm,  styles, 
invest,  invests,  destiny,  artist,  artists,  artistic,  utmost,  surmised, 
deepest,  register,  rejoiced,  stillest,  fairest,  digest,  debased,  forest, 
baptized,  biggest,  deduced,  atheist,  atheistic,  surfaces,  earnest, 
Rochester,  registers,  surfaced,  justice,  chastises,  revised. 


EXERCISE  NO.  7. 

19 

1 

\. 

t- 

6 

^     <r^ 

—D 

O 

2 

/ 

? 

^ 

"No      V. 

V 

-^ 

8 

,    O 

3 

'^ 

^       ^ 

^ 

"^ 

4 

-TO 

^^ 

\'o 

"V  -^ 

c/' 

i 

5 

V 

l- 

/ 

»                              • 

^-S^5f 

y 

6 

V 

b- 

/ 

-<^-D          -^^ 

Vi. 

/? 

7 

^^ 

^. 

t- 

t-     / 

^-        . 

^ 

8 

1 

-^ 

^^ 

'^        "-^ 

w 

^ 

9 

y 

r 

_^ 

>     k 

k 

v^ 

10 

.r 

^ 

^ 

•^'=V. 

.^ 

=^ 

11 

k 

< 

^ 

^     ^A-' 

/^ 

•p 

12 

yv^ 

n 

,,-/"  /V"  /i- 

V" 

V 

13 

iro 

C*;. 

^^ 

vj)=^     U^ 

^ 

.^ 

14 

■^ 

-^ 

^  ^^ 

-t^ 

'  > 

15 

• 

/ 

X-  i 

^ 

k 

20  Shot«tHand  manual. 


STROKE  OR  CIRCLE  FOR  S. 

75.  Since  the  meaning  of  a  dot  vowel  or  a  dash  vowel  depends 
upon  its  place,  whether  at  the  beginning,  the  middle,  or  the  end  of 
a  stroke,  it  is  evident  that  a  vowel  must  always  be  placed  by  a  stroke, 
never  by  a  circle  or  a  loop.  In  sucli  words  as  sicli,  city,  gas  (see 
line  1),  the  vowel,  though  near  the  circle,  is  not  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  circle  at  all,  but  to  the  stroke. 

76.  Since  a  vowel  can  never  be  placed  to  the  circle,  the  stroke, 
must  be  %isedfor  s  whenever  it  is  necessary  to  place  a  vowel  by  s,  as 
in  the  words  ask,  see,  fussy. 

77.  Wlie7i  it  is  not  necessary  to  place  a  vowel  by  s,  the  circle  should 
always  be  used. 

78.  Therefore: 

a.  When  a  word  begins  or  ends  with  s,  use  the  circle  as  a  rule. 
See  line  3. 

b.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  before  s,  use  the  stroke  s 
always.    See  line  4. 

c.  When  a  word  ends  in  a  vowel  after  s,  use  the  stroke  s  always. 
See  line  5. 

d.  When  two  vowels  come  between  s  and  another  consonant 
it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  indicate  both  vowels,  and  then  the 
stroke  must  be  used  for  s.    See  line  10. 

79.  The  rules  for  z  are  the  same  as  for  s,  except  at  the  beginning 
of  a  word.  When  a  word  begins  with  the  sound  of  z,  the  stroke 
z  must  always  be  used.     See  line  11. 

80.  In  such  words  as  bask,  task  (see  line  2),  the  vowel  does  not 
come  between  two  strokes,  hence  the  rules  under  Article  64  do  not 
apply ;  in  bask  the  vowel  comes  between  b  and  s,  and  since  the 
vowel  cannot  be  placed  by  the  circle  s,  it  must  be  placed  by  the 
stroke  b. 

81.  In  a  few  words,  a  vowel  is  written  within  the  large  circle 
Sez.  This  is  the  only  exception  to  the  rule  that  a  vowel  must 
always  be  placed  by  a  stroke. 

82.  Before  writing  each  word  in  the  following  exercise,  let  the 
student  ask  himself  two  questions :  First,  what  is  the  stroke  in 
this  word?  Second,  does  the  vowel  belong  before  the  stroke  or 
after  the  stroke? 


EXERCISE  NO.  8. 


21 


2  V 

4  -) 

5  )• 


•) 
)- 


■^     '\      V 


^"b' 


^ 


)' 


r 


•)■ 


Q__P 


^    X)  »xj    "^'    X) 

f      -r    i^     -L     \ 


L 


n  .u   ~i    .3 


10    I.    ^    -^     T.. 

'  \  ^  ^  y 

Lp     U^'     <Cp      Ci^     .Co 


■J 

■■)• 
I- 


22  ShoPthand  rtlaftual. 

"WRITING  EXJBBCISE. 

Sowed,  seed,  soup,  such,  same,  seem,  sick,  seal,  sleigh,  lace, 
soul,  slow,  sod,  soot,  spice,  spy,  days,  some,  sad,  stays,  joys,  sag, 
soar,  steel,  star,  song,  post,  case,  sake,  scheme,  stole,  poster, 
foster,  suds,  city,  soap,  save,  sours,  series,  storms,  stark,  bask, 
dozen,  tusk,  task,  musk,  music,  cask,  accede,  chasm,  mask, 
facility,  decide,  gusset,  russet,  cousin,  mason,  gossip,  recede,  last, 
solaced,  solicits,  chooses,  rejoices,  ballast,  perused,  sinister, 
songster,  suffused,  sneezed,  monster,  recedes,  majestic,  bolster, 
rooster,  resume,  emphasis,  emphasize,  emphasizes,  resist,  system, 
sappy,  asp,  sleep,  asleep,  moss,  mossy,  rose,  rosy,  saw,  ace,  see, 
essay,  scion,  scope,  escape,  espy,  assail,  spy,  sail,  sign, essence, 
racy,  estuary,  assay,  mace,  mazy,  noisy,  noise,  sack,  ask,  eschew, 
easy,  Jessie,  oozing,  fussy,  fuss,  haze,  hazy,  news,  ensue,  science, 
sciatica,  Esau,  Czar,  zero,  zeal,  dice,  dizzy,  daze,  daisy.  Zouave, 
Zion,  zigzag.  Czarina,  Assam,  psalm,  Lizzie,  Ezra,  easel,  assume, 
assist,  chaos,  bias,  pussy,  gauzy,  essays,  assize,  sighs,  size,  silly, 
asthma,  isthmus,  Suez,  posy,  zinc,  Agnes,  Aztec,  eyes. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  are  words  written  in  shorthand? 

2.  What  are  the  signs  used  in  shorthand  called? 

3.  How  does  a  phonograph  differ  from  a  letter? 

i.    Why  are-some  of  the  phonographs  light  and  some  heavy? 
6.    What  phonographs  are  always  written  up? 

6.  What  phonographs  are  sometimes  written  up  and  sometimes 
written  down? 

7.  How  are  the  remaining  phonographs  written? 

8.  How  is  1  written  when  alone?    When  joined  to  other  strokes? 

9.  How  is  sh  written  when  alone?  When  joined  to  another 
stroke? 

10.  What  should  be  the  length  of  the  phonographs? 

11.  Give  Cautions  a,  b,  and  c. 

12.  What  should  be  the  sole  aim  of  the  beginner? 

13.  What  other  advice  is  given  in  Art.  20? 

14.  Which  stroke  in  a  word  should  rest  on  the  line  of  writing? 

15.  How  should  two  down  strokes  be  written? 
IG.    How  should  two  up  strokes  be  written? 

17.  When  a  horizontal  is  followed  by  a  down  stroke,  how  should 
they  be  written? 


Shorthand  manual.  28 

REVIEW   QUESTIONS— Continued. 

18.  Where  should  horizontal  outlines  be  ■written? 

19.  When  a  light  and  a  heavy  stroke  join   without  an  angle, 
how  should  they  be  written? 

20.  How  can  Ray  be  distinguished  from  Chay   when  alone? 
When  joined  to  other  strokes? 

21.  What  letters  does  a  reporter  omit? 

22.  What  is  a  consonant  outline? 

23.  How  are  double  letters  written? 

2i.    Which  r  should  be  used  in  the  middle  of  an  outline? 

25.  When  should  Ar  and  when  should  Ray  be  used  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word? 

26.  When  should  Ar  and  when  should  Ray  be  used  at  the  end 
of  a  word? 

27.  Are  these  rules  invariable?    Give  the  exceptions. 

28.  What  two  things  are  always  to  be  considered  in  shorthand 
writing? 

29.  How  can  you  decide  which  is  the  better  of  two  outlines? 

30.  Give  the  sound  of  the  first-place  vowels  forwards  and  then 
backwards,  the  second-place  vowels,  the  third-place. 

31.  How  do  the  long  vowel  signs  differ  from  the  short  vowel 
signs? 

32.  How  should  dash  vowels  be  written? 

33.  Do  first-place  vowels  always  belong  at  the  top  of  a  stroke? 
Give  the  exceptions. 

34.  How  is  the  vowel  sound  in  sir,  bur,  and  her  represented? 

35.  When  a  vowel  comes  between  two  strokes,  by  which  stroke 
is  it  written? 

36.  How  is  Iss  joined  to  straight  strokes?  to  curves? 

87.  How  is  Iss  written  between  two  strokes?     Give  two  cases. 

38.  Should  initial  Iss  be  read  before  or  after  the  initial  vowel? 

89.  Should  final  Iss  be  read  before  or  after  the  final  vowel? 

40.  What  do  Sez,  Steh,  and  Ster  represent? 

41.  What  may  be  added  to  final  Ses,  Steh,  and  Ster? 

42.  What  caution  is  given  in  regard  to  Steh  and  Ster? 

43.  What  is  said  of  loops  in  tjje  middle  of  words? 

44.  What  rules  apply  to  Sez,  Steh,  and  Ster? 

45.  When  should  the  stroke,  and  when  should  the  circle  be 
used  for  s?  for  z?    Give  the  different  cases. 


24  Shofthand  manual. 


MP  OR  MB. 

83.  ^*s  called  Emp,  represents  the  sound  of  mp  oi  mb.  See 
lines  1-3. 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

Pomp,  dump,  jump,  camp,  lamp,  samp,  sample,  lump,  pump, 
symbol,  stamp,  stump,  champ,  simple,  imp,  damp,  mumps,  romp, 
swamp,  impede,  example,  bamboo,  ambush,  ambiguity,  temporize, 
sympathy,  decamp,  empire,  emperor. 

H  TICK  OR  STROKE. 

84.  H  may  be  expressed  in  two  ways:  by  the  stroke  h  and  by  a 
short  slanting  tick  / ,  written  always  down,  and  in  the  direction  of 
/  ch.  This  tick  should  never  be  made  longer  than  one-fourth  the 
length  of  a  stroke.     See  line  6. 

85.  When  a  word  begins  with  h  before  —  —  '"^  -^^  ~^  "^ 
use  the  h  tick,  because  it  makes  a  good  angle  with  these  strokes, 
and  is  easier  to  write  than  the  stroke  h;  some  find  the  tick  prefer- 
able to  h  before  p,  b,  1,  and  the  strokes  s  and  z. 

86.  Before  other  strokes  use /^ ;  ^  may  be  used  whenever 
more  convenient  or  legible  than  the  tick. 

87.  H  may  sometimes  be  omitted  without  sacrifice  of  legibility. 

88.  In  words  beginning  with  wh,  the  h  sound  comes  first,  and 
should  be  written  first;  for  example,  why  should  be  written  as 
pronounced,  hwi.     See  line  14. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Hay,  honey,  hang,  hatch,  holy,  hedge,  holly,  hero,  heavy,  hat, 
harrow,  hearty,  home,  head,  hack,  hag,  homely,  hear,  harm,  hush, 
hide,  hawk,  hum,  Harry,  hark,  ham,  why,  hollow,  hilly,  hoop, 
heed,  hid,  hearth,  hath,  hop,  hair,  he,  height,  hoar,  hoary,  hug, 
hinge,  whey,  hurry,  whoa,  huge,  homily,  haughty,  hate,  Hague, 
heap,  hemp,  hump,  Hayes,  hardy,  havoc,  hassock,  Harris,  ham- 
mock, hoarse,  whistle,  whist,  whig,  whew,  whistle*,  whack, 
whisky,  Hannah,  harangue,  whisk,  hackney,  hasten,  horizon, 
horrify,  holiday,  holier. 


EXERCISE  NO.  9. 


25 


\^  u  u  •'^-  '^   n    "7 


?       I 


O.  V-..  w^  .^-^  .^^- 


10 


,<    r   ^/i-  ^    '^    '■^   />- 
^  ^"  ^   ^    A    ^    ^ 

V 

^    ^     ^    .y^    ^    ,/^     ^ 

^  ^^  ^  ^^  <r7  ^-^.  ^ 


11     /^-b 


12 


W 


13 
14 


i,  ^-- .V  '^     ^ 


^ 


'S     V     '^    \.    V  r  Y^ 


i»    X    \      '^-   r\  A 


26  Shorthand  CnanuQl. 

SEMI-CIRCLES  FOR  W  AND  Y. 

89.  When  more  convenient  than  the  stroke  ^  a  small  semi- 
circle   c  Weh  or   3  Wuh  may  be  used  to  represent  the  sound  of  w. 

90.  Use  the  semi-circle  that  makes  the  better  angle  with  the 
following  stroke.  Copy  examples  below  many  times. 

\  \  1  1  ;  /^  ^vv  ^  /  ^ 

wp    wb    wt    wd    wch    wj    wk    wg     wf    wv    wth    wsh    wng 

91.  The  brief  signs  for  y  are  the  semi-circles  uYeh  and  o  Yuh. 
Use  the  semi-circle  that  makes  the  better  angle.     Examples: 

yk  yl  yn  yng 

92.  Like  the  circle,  the  semi-circle  is  read  before  any  vowel  that 
may  precede  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  joined.     See  line  1. 

93.  Iss  may  be  written  within  the  semi-circle.    See  line  7. 

94.  Make  the  semi-circles  very  small  and  close,  else  they  may 
be  mistaken  for  the  half-length  s  and  th,  )  and  (  which  will  be 
given  in  later  chapters. 

95.  As  in  the  case  of  s,  the  stroke  must  be  used  whenever  it  is 
necessary  to  put  a  vowel  by  w  or  y.    See  Arts.  76-78.      See  line  8. 

a.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  before  w  or  y  use  the 
stroke. 

b.  When  a  word  ends  with  a  vowel  after  w  or  y,  use  the  stroke. 

96.  When  the  semi-circle  is  inconvenient,  use  the  stroke  for 
w  or  y.  More  liberty  is  allowed  with  the  strokes  w  and  y  than 
with  the  stroke  s. 

97.  The  semi-circle  is  seldom  used  in  the  njiddle  of  a  word. 

98.  Since  w  and  y  are  semi-vowels,  they  are  often  omitted  in 
the  middle  of  words. 

99.  W  is  joined  to  1,  m,  n,  and  r  without  an  angle,  as  in  the 

following  examples :     6   wl,  c~^  wm,  q^^^  wn,  </  wr,  called  Wei, 
Wem,  Wen,  and  Wer.  Review  this  article  often.  Copy  lines  10 — 15. 

100.  Make  the  short  line  close  to  the  main  line  and  perfectly 
straight;  if  it  curves  in,  it  is  liable  in  rapid  writing  to  be  mistaken 
for  Iss. 

101.  Remember  to  read  the  w  before  any  vowel  that  may  precede 

the  stroke.    Examples:    6     well,  6     swell, e/    swore. 

102.  Wei,  Wem,  Wen,  and  Wer  may  also  be  used  for  whl,  whm, 
whn,  and  whr  in  such  words  as  wheel,  while,  whim,  line  13. 


EXERCISE  NO.  10. 


27 


>   ^    \      1       -17/       / 


11 


^    \    V     v    t     / 
^    ^   ^    ^    V    1 


-1    I   r\  r' 


'•Ki^ 


1         1        X        d 
/         /       ■]  1 


1- 


B    ^  >L  ^    ^  "X  r     ^(^ 

9    ^'  S  ^     <r'  >v^  \    X 

10     (T    JT  »^      t^  ci^  cj^      c_- 

»./  ^  v/   ^  M-  n'  x~ 

^1^     '^(^^  V^          ^  e^  CT^          iS;^ 


12 

n      .^       y(r        IT        •<^^  C^     (Lv 


28  Shorthand  ITlanual. 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

Woep,  wet,  wave,  woof,  watch,  wage,  widower,  wove,  weave, 
wash,  week,  wake,  walk,  woke,  wig,  wag,  awake,  awoke,  yawn, 
young,  yoke,  wasp,  wing,  wedge,  wisp,  sweep,  yes,  swab,  swap, 
waylay,  Yankee,  wedge,  yam,  wink,  swing,  wizen,  swoop,  wane, 
wail,  swale,  war,  windy,  wine,  one,  warehouse,  work,  worthy, 
wealthy,  welfare,  wall,  well,  window,  Wednesday,  win,  wire,  wear, 
swear,  Edwin,  wore,  swore,  swill,  weal,  wiles,  worse,  wan,  ween, 
worst,  wheel,  while,  whim,  when,  swallow,  swearer,  wolf,  where- 
fore. Wheeling,  whims,  warm,  swarm,  wolfish,  swarthy,  worm, 
whale,  wallow,  wheeze,  wherry,  willow,  whereby,  whirl,  when, 
whereat,  once,  whence. 

POSITION. 

103.  By  means  of  position  the  reporter  can  indicate  the  vowel 
without  writing  it,  thus  saving  time  and  increasing  his  speed. 

104.  When  the  principal  or  accented  vowel  of  a  word  is  a  first- 
place  vowel,  the  word  is  put  in  the  first  position.  When  the  vowel 
is  second  place,  the  word  is  put  in  the  second  position ; '  if  third- 
place,  in  the  third  position. 

105.  The  first  position  of  a  word  is  a  little  higher  than  usual, 
the  second  position  is  the  same  as  usual,  and  the  third  position  is 
lower  than  usual.    Examples : 

U 


U 


•k- 


Time,  teem  or  team.        Tame  or  tome.  Tomb. 

106.  In  a  sentence  the  context  will  easily  determine  whether 
time,  teem  or  team  is  intended. 

107.  It  is  always  the  first  down  (or  up)  stroke  which  is  put  in 
position.     See  line  4. 

108.  The  three  positions  for  down  strokes  and  up  strokes  are 
as  follows : 

a.  Half  a  stroke  above  the  line  of  writing.     See  line  1. 

b.  On  the  line  of  writing.     See  line  2. 

c.  Through  the  line  of  writing.     See  line  3. 

109.  The  student  who  uses  double-line  copy-books  should  be 
careful  to  write  the  first  down  or  up  stroke,  so  that  when  in  first 
position  it  will  not  only  pass  through  the  upper  line,  but  be  half 
above  and  half  below  that  line. 


EX£flCISE>HO.  V. 


29 


-3 


7\      V) 


_V-_ 


>N 


.3 


;)-V- 
'•V 


y.. ....... 


r^ 


\ 


_Q. -TQ. ---iL  .. 

I 


»..X...v^ 


\. 


u 


/I 


^■ 


-A 


(q^_S) 


(f- 


12 
;3. 


^ 


I 


x^- 


^-  --/r- 


14 


C^.-.C\U.-U..'yC<. 


..m-./vi 


V  -  -  (^  -  -  ■4— W  :^:^->^. 


30  Shofthand  HlanuaL 

POSITION— Continued. 

110.  If  an  outline  has  no  down  or  up  strokes,  then  the  hori- 
zontals are  put  in  position  as  follows : 

a.  Nearly  a  stroke  above  the  line  of  writing.     See  line  6. 

b.  On  the  line  of  writing.    See  line  6. 

c.  Just  under  the  line  of  writing.    See  line  7. 

111.  When  using  double-line  books  the  student  will  put  first- 
position  horizontals  just  under  the  upper  line. 

112.  In  speaking  of  any  word,  the  numbers  1,  2  and  3  are  used 
to  indicate  its  position,  whether  first,  second,  or  third.  Thus,  time 

I-  U 

is  expressed  by  tra  1 ,  tame  by  t  m  2....ir:>..,  and  tomb  by 

t  m  3 


113.  Hereafter  the  student  will  put  all  short  outlines  in  posi- 
tion. Detached  words  should  be  vocalized,  but  in  sentences 
vowels  seldom  need  to  be  inserted,  provided  the  words  are  put  in 
position. 

114.  A  long  outline  or  a  peculiar  outline  can  generally  be  read 
by  its  consonants  alone  without  the  help  of  a  vowel,  hence  it  is 
seldom  necessary  either  to  vocalize  it  or  to  put  it  in  position ; 
such  an  outline  may  be  written  without  position,  resting  on  the 
line  of  writing,  that  is,  the  same  as  in  second  position. 

Note.    U8e...x..or/^    for  a  period,  and ior  a  question  mark. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

By,  bay,  bough,  joy,  jay,  Jew,  law,  low,  Lou,  fle,  foe,  few,  thy, 
they,  thou,  ease,  owes,  ooze,  tick,  take,  took,  pick,  peck,  pack, 
keep,  cape,  coop,  bog,  fog,  duck,  nip,  nap,  big,  bag,  nave,  knife, 
live,  thick,  map,  lap,  loaf,  leaf,  pip,  pap,  Sue,  say,  see,  chop, 
chip,  cheap,  muff,  judge,  Jack,  gig,  kick,  gag,  cage,  catch,  match, 
niche,  Jim,  jam,  gem,  root,  write,  wrote,  ream,  ram,  arm,  Nile, 
mile,  meal,  mere,  mar.  Moor,  timely,  add,  many,  Minnie,  manna, 
came,  comb,  chyme,  calm,  mummy,  meek,  mace,  Mag,  nag,  cook, 
Nannie,  pity,  muddy,  Guinea,  listen,  lesson. 

May  Lizzie  sweep  in  my  room?  Does  Jack  like  figs?  Dick  wrote 
five  pages  in  sixty  minutes.  Mary  saw  four  boys  in  papa's  buggy. 
Most  folks  love  money.  Pack  my  books.  Mice  eat  cheese. 
Thieves  steal  money.    Hear  my  lesson.    Fishes  swim  well. 


Shorthand  manual.  31 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

46.  What  does  Emp  represent? 

47.  What  are  the  two  ways  of  expressing  h? 

48.  How  should  the  h  tick  be  written?     Give  its  direction  and 
length. 

49.  Before  what  stroljcs  should  the  h  ticli  be  written? 

60.  Before  what  strol^es  should  the  h  strolie  be  written? 

61.  What  is  the  first  sound  in  words  beginning  with  wh? 

62.  What  two  semi-circles  may  be  used  for  w? 

63.  What  semi-circles  represent  y? 

64.  How  can  you  tell  which  semi-circle  to  use  for  w?    For  y? 
55.  Is  the  semi-circle  read  before  or  after  the  initial  vowel? 

66.  What  may  be  written  within  the  semi-circle? 

67.  How  should  the  semi-circle  be  written? 

68.  When  should  the  stroke  and  when  should  the  semi-circle 
be  used  for  w?    For  y? 

59.  To  what  strokes  is  the  w  semi-circle  joined  without  an 
angle? 

60.  How  should  the   hook  on  Wei,  Wem,  Wen,  and  Wer  be 
written? 

61.  How  should  such  words  as  wheel,   while,  and  whim  be 
written? 

62.  What  is  the  object  of  position? 

63.  What  governs  the  position  of  a  word  ? 

64.  Which  stroke  in  an  outline  is  put  in  position? 

65.  What  arc  the  three  positions  for  down  strokes? 

66.  What  are  the  three  positions  for  horizontals? 

67.  How  are  the  numbers  1,  2,  and  3  used  in  regard  to  position? 

68.  What  outlines  should  be  put  in  position? 

69.  What  outlines  need  not  be  put  in  position? 

70.  What  is  said  of  vowels  in  detached  words  and  in  sentences? 

71.  What  is  the  shortliaud  period.? 

72.  What  is  the  shorthand  question  mark? 


32  Shopthand  Hlanual. 

WORD -SIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 

116.  The  rapidity  and  ease  of  shorthand  is  greatly  increased  by 
the  employment  of  word-signs  for  the  most  common  words.  Gen- 
erally a  word -sign  consists  of  a  single  stroke  which  represents 
the  most  prominent  sound  in  the  word  represented.     Ex.  )  was. 

116.  Most  of  the  word-signs  are  in  the  second  position,  regard- 
less of  the  rules  given  for  position.      The  position  of  each  word- 
sign  should  be  carefully  memorized,  as  a  change  in  position  would 
make  a  change  in  the  meaning  of  the  sign. 

117.  Review  the  wordreigns  daily . 


\    1 



^           ( 

)   r 

/or      n 

be        do 

V 

o 

give-n 

o 

have     think 

• 
• 

was      will 

s 

he      you       it 
/ 

I         as 

has 

rT-: 

is 
his 

> 

• 

a        and     the 
an 

>              -/ 

to        of 
rf. 

on     should 

^... rT... 

and-the     to-the     of-the     on-the    should-the    in-the    you-will 

rCS. n .vo™ V^ V 

you-will-be       you-will-do       you-may-go       have-you       do-you 

118.  Notice  that ~~"  is  the  word-sign  for  both  give  and  given. 

119.  The  word-signs  for  on  and  should  are  always  written  up, 
but  the  tick  denoting  he  is  always  written  down. 

120.  The  may  be  represented  by  a  first-place  heavy  dot  when 
alone;  or,  in  phrasing,  by  a  short,  slanting  tick  joined  to  a  pre- 
ceding word. 

121.  In  the  writing  exercises  hereafter  phrase  such  words  as 
are  connected  by  hyphens.  Omit  vowels  in  the  sentences,  and 
read  every  exercise  each  time  after  writing  it. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

It,  was,  give,  be,  he,  have,  and,  to,  a,  on,  is,  of,  I,  as,  has, 
should,  to-the,  and-the,  you-will,  you-will-do,  you-will-have, 
you-will-think,  you-raay-go,  have-you,  do-you,  should-the,  on- 
the.  Judge  Smith  was  iu-the  city  last  week,  and  he  came  to  see 
me.  You-will-be  sick  if-you  eat  so  many  peaches.  You-will-do 
as  well  as  be  will.  You-will-have  time  to  do  the  work.  You- 
will-think  of  it  by  and  by.  You-may-go  to-the  store  and  buy  me 
some  eggs.  You-raay  bake  the  cake  and-the  pies.  He  will  give- 
you  one  of  his  books  on  science,  if  he  is  here.    I  should  think  so. 


EXERCISE  NO.  12. 


33 


NOTE — Write  the  above  exercise  omitting:  the  Towels.  Compare 
the  copy  with  this  page.Keacltheuuvooalized  copy  without  referring: 
to  this  page.  Copy  and  read  until  you  can  do  both  with  perfect 
accuracy  and  ^nrithout  hesitation.  Proceed  in  like  manner  with  simi- 
lar exercises. 


84 


Shottthand  manual. 

DOT.  DASH. 


122,  In  the  word-signs  following,  c  and  u  indicate  that  the 
vowel  in  the  word  is  a  dot  vowel,  while  s  and  "  indicate  a 
dash  vowel. 


were        what        would 


J 


ye 

year-s 


yet   beyond  you 


we 
with 

(  ^ 

< I^ rr^. i A ^ /„ When. 

that     without     wish      shall     them    how    are     are,  in  phrasing 

^ ! ( 1 fC ^ y... 

we-were    what-would    we-think    we-do       we-will       we-are  you-are 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

We-were  both  in  Europe  last  year.  We-think-you-will-have  to 
go  to-the  banl£.  We-do  linow  the  way  to-the  oflicc.  What-would 
they  do  if  he  were  to  leave  them?  You-may  keep  them  where 
they  are.  I  think  he  would  do  it  well.  You-are  rich,  wliile  we- 
are  poor.  While  we-are  at  the  store  you-may  stay  here  with 
Harry.  We-will  do  as  well  as  we  know  how.  The  arrow  is 
beyond  you.  You-may-go  with  Fanny  if  you-are  ready.  We 
wish  to  do  right,  yet  we-do  wrong  each  day.  See  the  wheel  whirl. 
V7e-are  busy  as  bees.  His  watch  is  one  hour  too  fast.  His 
whims  are  always  amusing  to-the  rest  of-the  boys.  It  is  warm 
and  cosy  where  we-are.  How  do-you  do?  lias  he  glven-you  his 
book?  It  is  beyond  his  power.  You-may  look  out  of-the  window 
and  see  where  they  are  making  the  walk.  Do-you  wish  to  go  to- 
the  opera  Wednesday?  They  say  he  is  wealthy.  While  we-are 
here  we-will  be  happy  to  do  as  you  wish.  Give  the  dog  to  Jack 
and-the  kitty  to  Ruth.  Do  right  and  you-will-be  happy.  The 
sun  sets  in-the  west.  Do  they  miss  me  at  home?  I  have  lost  my 
hat;  have-you  seen  it?  I  think  it  is  in  cousin  Jack's  room.  I 
have  roses  to  sell — red  roses,  white  roses,  yellow  tea  roses. 
Will  you  buy  my  roses?  Yes,  I  will  buy  one  of-the  roses.  Do- 
you-know  where  Harry  is?  Do-you  think  you-will  go  to-the  fair? 
He  will  give-you  a  nice  buggy  ride  if -you  like.  You-may-go  to- 
the  city  to-morrow.  Hannah  has  six  pennies  in  her  bag.  I  will-be 
iiappy  to  visit-you  when  I  go  home.  I  hope  you-will-think  of  his 
advice.  He  has  given  one  of-the  books  and-the  best  top  to  his 
cousin. 


EXERCISE  NO.  13. 


35 


J 


.-). 


k^      c        '^-^ 


X n 


^ 


I 


X    t 


3  _  c 

J.X.5.J 


I         I 


i^X_.v..l 


o         O 


(x_iy_.l 


X 


r 


(         s 


'  1 


-  I- 


-^ 


r7--^ 


.r 


^ X. 


10 


u  r  .  ^  ' 


ix^-__.x_ 


M.-^-.-(  ..nx  _^__>-;„.i__.o../__!7f.x_.!._C 


A X. 


H..C--\-/; 


^-■\-\r---^-----\- 


15 


.CJ^. 


v.- 


x__ 


36 


Shorthand  nianual. 


SMALL,  INITIAL  HOOKS  ON  STRAIGHT  STROKES. 


ry  1 


123.  The  1  hook  is  •nritteu  on  the  right  side  of  down  strokes 
and  the  upper  side  of  horizontal*;  that  is,  on  the  same  side  as  Iss. 

12-t.  The  r  hook  is  written  on  the  opposite  side;  that  is,  on  the 
left  side  of  down  strokes,  and  tlie  lower  side  of  horizontals. 

^    '^    r    r    /    /    e_   c-    \-    .\ 

pi  hi         tl        dl        chl        jl  kl  gl         play       able 


\     \     ]     ]     y    --^ 


pr 


br 


tr 


dr       chr       jr 


kr 


gr 


pray       acre 


\ 


125.    Aid  to  Memory 
fingers  bent,  the  outline 


If  the  left  hand  be  held  up  with  the 
r    tl  will  be  formed  (Left  hand  L  hook). 

By  turning  the  hand  in  the  direction  of  the  strokes \  |  /  the 

outlines  c kl,   \  pi,     \  tl,  A   chl,  will  be  formed.    If  the  right 

hand  be  held  up  with  the  fingers  bent,  the  outline  \  tr  will  be 
formed  (iZight  hand  i2  hook) .  Turning  the  hand  in  the  direction 
of  the  strokes  \  |  /  the  outlines  ^ —  kr,  \  pr,  \  tr,  ^  chr, 
will  be  formed. 

126.  Hay  and  Ray  do  not  take  the  1  and  r  hooks. 

127.  A  vowel  before  \  pi,  'X  pr,  etc.,  is  read  before  both 
stroke  and  hook.    Examples,  /\  upper,    J    double,  cL_i  tackle. 

128.  A  vowel  after,  \  pi,  \  pr,  etc.,^i^  read  after  both  stroke 
and  hook.    Examples,  Y  tree,  c__  clay. 

129.  Notice  that  the  hook  is  written  first,  but  read  last;  that  is, 
it  is  written  before  the  stroke,  but  read  after  the  stroke. 

130.  Practice  writing  the  two  copies  of  double  consonants 
until  you  both  know  them  and  can  make  them  correctly  and  easily. 

131.  The  1  or  the  r  hook  must  often  be  made  by  retracing  the 
previous  stroke.  See  line  10.  In  such  cases,  the  hook,  though 
clearly  indicated,  is  apt  to  be  more  or  less  imperfect     See  line  11. 


.V. \ 


EXERCISE  HO.  14. 


•M 


.% ^i 


■V 


-I- 


T 


T 
V 


V. 


1 


■^ 


■x 


\ 


■V 


I    -- 


rl.....-1  .. 


10 


.!7. 


L    £    L 


i--i--h-^--{--\-^- 


^--v-\--\ V 


11 


\^....k-...k.. 


12 


U    \-    'U   ^\    -^ 


--<-- 


1 J  _  _ 

15 


CT 


448450 


88  Shoitthand  nianual. 

132.  The  names  of  these  double  consonants  are  their  sounds  as 
heard  in  the  last  syllables  of  the  words,  apple,  able,  settle,  saddle, 
Mitchel,  &ngel,  &ckle,  smgle,  and  upper,  sabre,  centre,  cider,  butcAer, 
lodger,  acre,  and  angrer. 

133.  Never  call  \  Pe-El  or  Pe-Lay,  but  always  pi,  as  in  last 
sound  of  apple.  Never  call  \  Pe-Ar  or  Pe-Ray,  but  always  pr 
as  heard  in  upper.  These  names  are  important  to  distinguish  the 
ONE  hooked  stroke  \^  pi,  etc.,  \  pr,  etc.,  from  the  two  strokes, 
\^  p-1  or  \i)-r,  etc. 

134.  \  pi  or%  pr,  etc.,  represents  one  sound,  not  two.  It 
indicates  that  the  two  consonants,  p  and  1,  or  p  and  r,  etc.,  are  so 
closely  combined  that  they  make  one  sound  together,  as  in  the 
words  ply,  opal,  acre,  etc.  Hence,  \  pi,  \  pr,  etc.,  are  to  be 
used  when  the  p  and  1,  or  p  and  r,  come  close  together,  without 
any  intervening  voicel  sotind,  or  when  they  are  separated  by  only  an 
obscure  vowel  sound,  as  in  the  words  \  pickle,  I  collect, 
V  badger,  ^  germ. 

''135.  But  if  a  prominent  vowel  sound  separates  the  two  con- 
sonants so  that  they  are  sounded  hytwo  distinct  impulses  of  the  voice 
instead  of  one,  then  \  pi,  ^pr,  etc.,  should  not  be  used,  but  the 
two  strokes  should  be  used  instead.  Examples,  \^  pile, 
pour. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Ply,  play,  plow,  apple,  pray,  prow,  blow,  brew,  brow,  plea,  ply, 
Prue,  plough,  bray,  blew,  gray,  grow,  glee,  grew,  glue,  cloy, 
crow,  crew,  clue,  clew,  cry,  clay,  tree,  tray,  dry,  otter,  acre,  try, 
eager,  able,  Troy,  eagle,  dray,  drew,  utter,  upper,  Tupper,  keeper, 
pauper,  bray,  brace,  brake,  break,  broom,  trice,  plea,  pleas, 
please,  plum,  prim,  block,  brook,  trap,  trip,  drop,  drip,  claim, 
crawl,  gloom,  crape,  bloom,  glass,  pluck,  climb,  cries,  praise, 
blame,  creep,  clap,  clack,  gleam,  crimp,  plump,  group. 

See  Articles  134  and  135.  Peer,  pour,  opal,  pile,  dream,  dire, 
places,  pulp,  clam,  culls,  crackle,  doll,  idle,  dressed,  bruised, 
bars,  cloth,  coils,  clime,  tare,  door,  adder,  blow,  bowls,  beetle, 
globe,  goal,  prig,  treadle,  creak,  black,  paddle,  bulk,  brittle,  uncle, 
journey,  Durham,  correct,  collect,  peddle,  purple,  purchases, 
bluster,  bolster,  bulb,  blubber,  reply,  repeal. 


Shorthand  nianaal.  89 

SMALIi  TINAIi  HOOKS  ON  STRAIGHT  STROKES. 

R      PO      L 


N      \JJ     F  OR  V 

136.  There  arc  two  small  final  hooks,  the  f  or  v  hook  and  the 
ft  hook. 

1S7.  The  f  or  V  hook  is  on  the  same  side  of  a  straight  stroke 
as  the  circle  Iss.    The  n  hook  is  on  the  opposite  side. 

\.  V    L   I    /  /---^  ^  ^ 

pf,      bf,    tf,    (If,    cht,    jf,    kf,     gf,     bf,     rf. 

pn,     bn,    tu,  dn,   clin,    jn,    kn,      gn,    hn,    rn. 

138.  Hay  and  Ray  take  the  final  hooks,  although  they  do  not 
take  the  initial  1  and  r  hooks. 

139.  Aid  t^)  Memory.    As  the  loops  are  written  on  the  same 

side  as  the  circle,  so  the  looped  letters  ifand^i^have  their  hooks 
on  the  same  side  as  the  circle  Iss.    Example,       t  ^  o  sts 


"  y 


140.  Names.  For  the  sake  of  convenience  the  outlines  in  Copy 
1  arc  called  Pef,  Bef,  etc.  The  outlines  in  Copy  2  are  called  Pen, 
Ben,  etc.    These  copies  should  be  carefully  written  many  times. 

141.  Vocalization.  The  final  hook  is  read  not  only  after  the 
stroke,  but  also  after  any  vowel  that  may  follow  the  stroke.  The 
final  hook,  unlike  the  initial  hook,  does  not  denote  a  close  union 
between  the  two  consonants.  On  the  contrary,  there  is  almost 
always  a  vowel  between  the  stroke  and  the  final  hook. 

Examples : 

Puff,       pun,       grove,        rain,        clover,      granary. 


40  Shofthaftd  manual. 


STROKE  OR  HOOK  FOR  F,  V,  OR  N. 

142.  In  the  middle  of  a  word  the  hook  may  be  used  for  f,  v,  or 
n  when  convenient. 

143 .  When  a  word  ends  in  f ,  v,  or  n,  use  the  hook,  if  practicable. 

144.  Wlien  a  word  ends  in  a  vowel  sound  after  f,  v,  or  n,  the 
stroke  must  be  used. 

Examples:  Xi  \  J  I 

Puff,       puffy r^  dine,       Dinah. 

145.  The  stroke  is  also  used  when  two  vowels  precede  the  f,  v, 
or  n,  and  also  when  it  would  be  impossible  or  inconvenient  to  use 
the  hook.  Examples,  \^  Bowen,  \_^  person.  These  last 
cases  are  rare. 

146.  The  use  of  the  final  hook  always  means  there  is  no  vowel 
after  thef,  v,  or  n.  The  use  of  the  stroke  almost  always  means  there 
is  a  vowel  after  thef,  v,  or  n. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Pave,  pain,  buff,  bun,  doff,  done,  dove,  pine,  cave,  chafe,  chain, 
run,  rough,  den,  huff,  Hun,  tough,  bluff,  bean,  hewn,  hove,  chief, 
ten,  Jane,  achieve,  Jeff,  Dane,  hive,  join,  dive,  drive,  roof,  crane, 
gave,  grave,  keen,  clean,  cliff,  plain,  rove,  brown,  ran,  drain, 
brief,  draAvu,  brave,  reef,  reign,  grain,  skein,  hen,  heave,  spine, 
bluff,  blown,  prove  (second  position),  half,  approve,  brine,  grown, 
glean,  cleave,  clever,  rove,  rover,  referee,  train,  drove,  ripen, 
broken,  blacken,  drown,  cleanly,  clinic,  brandy,  river,  Henry, 
clover,  plenty,  stone,  sudden,  mechanic,  provoke,  proverb,  divine, 
dentists,  Grover,  prefer,  prefix,  detain,  economical,  poverty, 
proving,  schooner,  runaway,  proffer,  divinity,  rover,  punish, 
keenly,  replenish,  divide,  behavior,  occupancy,  observe,  traffic, 
defense,  attentive,  driver,  vagrancy,  penance,  pecuniary,  paganish, 
devote,  denote,  pennon, 

See  Articles  142-146.  Rain,  rainy,  John,  Johnny,  cough,  coffee, 
Cain,  Canna,  grave,  gravy,  serve,  survey,  pin,  piano,  bone,  bony, 
huffy,  pony,  China,  coin,  person,  canny,  reef,  review,  cone,  cony, 
cousin,  deaf,  defy,  dozen,  boon,  Bennie,  presence,  Defoe,  envy, 
serve,  preserve,  deserve,  observe,  lion,  paean,  ruin,  many. 

Note.     Prove  Is  pat  in  the  second  position,  althongh  Its  vowel  is  tliird 
place,  to  distinguish  it  from  approve  which  has  the  same  consonant  outline.. 


EXERCISE  NO.  15, 


41 


.\a....\i ^. 


L— A 


/•....  /.. 


\ ^1 ^\  - 


-[: 


C-. 


J-.... J:. 


\- 


x..J-.....\,....^„ 


.V. , 

I 


!i ^c....J--..-J'..-..^'-...^•....3: 


^. 


0        <oX'   ^y    _.J L 

10 U_^_  _  _  Xj..^  _  _       <        c 

1.  ^    X.  V 


L  JL2_ 
-13. 
14 


Lf 


;  .t-p-.l^- 


^  Shofthand  Ctlanual. 

ISS  COMBINED  WITH  HOOKS  ON  STBAIGHT  STROKES. 

147.  Iss  is  prefixed  to  the  1-hooked  stroke  by  writing  the  circle 
within  the  hook.    Example,  ^  able,  ,^  sable.     See  line  1. 

148.  The  circle  is  sometimes  lengthened  into  a  loop  before  the 
1  hook  in  the  middle  of  a  word.  Example,  — ^-P  exclusive.  See 
line  2. 

149  Iss  is  added  to  the  f  and  v  hooks  by  writing  the  circle 
within  tke  hook.    Ex.    N^  puffs,  —^  caves,  %/'  professor,  line  3. 

150.  Iss  or  Sez  may  be  combined  with  the  r  hook  on  straight 
strokes  by  writing  the  circle  in  place  of  the  r  hook,  thus  writing 
the  circle  on  the  side  opposite  to  that  on  which  it  is  usually  writ- 
ten.     Ex.   J •  stray,  q seek,  5 — seeker,    S  sister,  line  5. 

151.  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  Iss  should  generally  be  written 
toithin  the  r  hook.    See  line  7. 

152.  When  skr  or  sgr  follows  or  |  ,  or  when  spr  or  sbr  fol- 
lows /  ox  /  write  as  in  describe,  disagree,  jasper,  etc.,  line  9. 

153.  Iss,  Sez,  Steh,  or  Ster  may  be  written  in  place  of  the  n 
hook  at  the  end  of  a  straight  stroke  to  indicate  final  ns,  nsez,  nst, 
ornster.  Examples,  ^.pans,  \  pounces,  J  danced,  etc.,  line 
10. 

154.  In  the  middle  of  words  the  ns  circle  is  seldom  used,  but 
Iss  is  written  within  the  n  hook,  or  else  the  n  stroke  is  used.  This 
is  to  avoid  mistaking  the  ns  circle  for  simple  Iss.    See  line  14. 

165.    See  Table ;  copy  straight  strokes  in  columns  7-17. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Idle,  sidle,  supple,  sickle,  cycle,  dives,  paves,  drives,  braves, 
grieves,  pray,  spray,  screw,  strive,  adder,  sadder,  upper,  supper, 
seeker,  cider,  sober,  sicker,  canes,  chains,  pains,  buns,  gains, 
duns,  settle,  sable,  spleen,  saddle,  suttle,  straw,  strew,  droves, 
graves,  proves,  tones,  bones,  stones,  display,  explore,  explain, 
spring,  stroke,  stream,  sprinkle,  craves,  doffs,  xoughs,  cuffs, 
bluffs,  tunes,  towns,  boons,  browns,  stray,  strip,  strike,  scrawl, 
scrape,  scribe,  coins,  trains,  sprains,  strains,  brains,  gospel,  dis- 
please, explosive,  cleans,  pens,  restrains,  mourns,  turns,  scrip, 
prosper,  extreme,  describe,  disagree,  deserves,  observes,  roves, 
hives,  disagreeable,  sister,  tenses,  dances,  Kansas,  canst,  against, 
chanced,  pounced,  punster,  spinster,  chances,  prances,  pranced, 
glanced,  glances,  bounces,  bounced. 


EXERCISE  NO.  16. 


43 


i\.-A 


v'p  V 

^  v^ 


■r.....^ 


.  XS h }\s 


^. 


a__-:n^._-_v. 


^ 

^\j 


f- ...  >__..x 


°\ 


.l-_ 


IX   L   ^_ 


v^ 


.T\  ..":^.._:f^...V— r 


.J^-.'-X^-- 


-.1- 


oyA-  -  -  err:  .  .  -  o^TT.  .  -''r\-  -  -  ^7- 


-H- 


J:^ . /_\f_  .^^  -  _%i^. .  vr^_  _  ^■. .  _tV- _ . 


44  Shorthand  manual. 

INITIAL  HOOKS  ON  CURVES. 


11 

vl 

C 
till 

C 
till 

shl 

zhl 

fr 

^     0 

vr       tlir 

tfir 

J 

shr 

zhr        mr 

nr 

Copy  1. 
Copy  2. 


15G.  The  outliucs  of  Copy  1  may  be  formed  with  the  left  hand 
and  arm.  Imagine  that  these  outlines  are  made  of  Avirc;  turn 
tliem  over  so  that  they  can  be  made  with  the  right  hand  and  arm, 
and  the  outlines  of  Copy  2  will  be  formed.  The  L  hook  series  are 
made  with  the  Left  hand,  and  the  i?  hook  series  with  the  ^ight 
hand. 

157.  There  is  no  danger  of  mistaking  fr,  vr,  thr,  and  thr  for  r, 
w,  8,  and  z,  because  the  latter  never  take  an  initial  hook. 

158.  ^  shX  and  ^^  zhl  are  always  written  %ip. 

159.  <:^^mr  and  <i-^nr  must  be  shaded  to  distinguish  them  from 
c^  wm  and  ,^_^  wn. 

160.  Make  the  hook  straight,  and  parallel  with  the  general 
direction  of  the  curve.  The  hook  should  point  out  rather  than  in. 
If  it  curres  in,  in  rapid  writing  it  may  be  mistaken  for  Iss. 

161.  The  names  of  \^  ^  etc.,  is  the  one  combined  sound  of 
fl,  fr,  etc,  as  heard  in  the  last  syllable  of  muf^e,  of/er,  etc. 

162.  \_  fl  and  ^f^,  etc.,  are  used  when  no  vowel,  or  only  an 
obscure  vowel,  comes  between  the  f  and  the  1  or  the  f  and  the  r; 
but  when  a  vowel  intervenes,  the  two  strokes  must  be  used. 

163.    Iss  is  written  inside  all  hooks  on  curves.  Ex.  *^  civil. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Fly,  ruffle,  ofiEer,  weaver,  either,  gather,  harsher,  travel,  joiner, 
tanner,  Ethel,  armor,  bushel,  erasure,  measure,  plainer,  thrill, 
sooner,  free,  leisure,  frail,  miner,  throb,  tamer,  freak,  African, 
Bethel,  rumor,  fresh,  Abner,  friar,  palmer,  flsher,  fissure,  dimmer, 
freely,  rhymer,  saner,  Friday,  enamor,  frame,  Eleanor,  calmer, 
tenor,  banner,  dinner,  civil,  thrall,  thrush,  throng,  official,  flip, 
flap,  flabby,  sinner,  eflluvia,  flame,  signer,  phlegm,  flner,  oval, 
flume,  hovel,  flighty,  official,  fluid,  senor,  fleecy,  gavel,  flail,  cavil, 
flier,  fever,  flfer,  mover,  designer,  lawful,  shufile,  dinner,  bevel, 
swivel,    youthful,    grammar,    initial,    trainer,    special,   especial. 


EXERCISE  N0.17. 


45 


^       ^       t 


:C 


") 


'^ 


.>_. 
.">. 

■'^--l-.^ 


^       ^    ^* 


^1) 


X- 


9  _ 
10 


e^  ^^ 


t 


-^i^ 


u 


12 
13 

15 


46  ShoPthand  fDanual. 

FINAL.  N  HOOK  ON  CURVES. 

1G4,    All  curves  take  the  final  u  hook.    Example,     ^/^  frown. 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

Vine,*  flown,  miuc,  none,  renown,  fine,  fan,  thin,  assign,  shun, 
lines,  loans,  mines,  nouns,  fines,  ovens,  iron,  vain,  nun,  feign, 
shines,  lean,  moon,  even,  thine,  shuns,  union,  refrains,  heaven, 
shown,  fans,  woolens,  women,  woman,  nine,  means,  summon, 
throne,  shrines,  finish,  humanity,  vanish,  manly,  finance,  iron. 
V  I  •  X,         I         /made  np  ^       \ 

aii      already     ought      of     or    on  him       your   been  ~caii 

\        \  I  I  /  /    made  up  v,_^     \^  \^ 

too      to      oh      but    who-m    shoiiid       thing    long    for     upon 
two  owe 


/ C ) ^ /_ 

,V3       thia    their         7        /  \ 


come    common    >o       thia    their         /        /  which  any  anything 
those  there    other    much 

165.    Iss  may  be  added  to  a  word  sign  to  form  the  plural  number 

or  the  possessive  case  of  a  noun  or  pronoun,  or  the  third  person 

of  a  verb.    Examples, things, d  comes,  d     whose. 

■WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Pay  all  that  you  owe  and  you-will  know  what  you-are  worth. 
Sorrow  always  comes  too  soon.  He  who  sows  will  reap.  All  but 
two  of-the  boys  who  were  here  were  my  cousins.  He  who  hopes 
for  treasures  should  work  for  them.  It  is  a  fine  thing  to  be 
wealthy.  You  ought  to  be  already  on  your  way.  Can  you  climb 
that  apple  tree?  It  is  a  long  time  since  I  have  seen  anything  of 
him.  I  have  been  upon  the  roof  of-the  barn.  We- shall  welcome 
you  and  your  sister  when  you-come  to  see  us.  Ilave-you  been  to 
see  the  other  girls?  It  is  much  happier  to  do  right  than  to  do 
wrong.  Which  plan  do-you  mean?  It  will  take  me  a  long  time  to 
finish  this  book.  Can  any  of  you  go  to  see  the  balloon  with  me? 
It  will  go  up  this  noon.  These  things  are  useful.  No-one  can 
undo  that  which  you  have  done.  Whose  grammar  is  this?  Com- 
mon sense  is  a  most  uncommon  thing.  We-shall  go  on  our  way  as 
soon-as  the  coach  comes.  All  that  you  have  said  is  just  and  right. 
The  common  branches  of  study  are  the  most  useful.  How  should 
I  know  what  you  ought  to  say  to-him?  Those  who  ought  to  see 
to  this  thing  have  all  been  sick. 


EXERCISE  NO.  18. 


47 


I 


-T3 


0        \..f..n...^......  I --/... \.J-X. 


.r 


'^         s 


-  I        I 


r 


1 


)■   r 


.13. ..(•../r..X. -..-)....! 


.(•_ 


/ 


15 


X  I        V 

_    n 


.V,.J 


48  ShoPthand  manual. 

HAI.VING. 

166.  Making  a  stroke  half  as  long  as  usual  adds  t  or  d. 

rr:r.__':r::_._-..^.^-..\_ a-... ^... 

knock       knocked       robe      robed      pay      paid  or  pate       made 

167.  In  a  sentence  the  context  will  easily  determine  whether  t 
or  d  is  to  be  added. 

168.  The  names  of  the  half-lengths  \  \  II  etc.,  are  Pet,  Bet, 
Tet,  Det,  etc. 

169.  The  rule  for  the  position  of  half-lengths  is  the  same  as  that 
for  horizontals,  namely : 

1.  Nearly  a  stroke  above  the  line  of  writing.  (Just  under  upper 
ruled  line.)     See  line  3. 

2.  On  the  line  of  writing.     See  line  4. 

8.    Just  under  the  line  of  writing.     See  line  5. 

170.  A  hooked  stroke  is  halved  the  same  as  a  simple  stroke. 
Ex.  *^     pride,  X    trickled,   ^"^ —     critical,  S*    straight. 

171.  The  t  or  d  expressed  by  halving  is  read  after  the  final  hook, 

C                    ^' 
but  before  the  final  circle  or  loop .      Ex flint,  splints. 

172.  The  final  syllables  ted  or  ded  are  represented  by  a  half- 
length  t  or  d  (see  line  12),  and  where  Tet,  or  Dot,  docsnotmake  a 
good  angle  with  the  preceding  stroke,  it  is  disjoined  and  written  to 
the  right,  and  partly  below  the  preceding  stroke.      See  line  13, 

173.  In  order  to  distinguish  between  conflicting  words  like  send 
and  sent,  end  and  nut,  old  and  late.  El,  Em,  En,  and  Ar  may  be 
shaded  when  halved  to  add  d.  Emp,  Ing,  Way,  and  Yay  are  seldom 
or  never  halved. 

174.  Copy  columns  18-23  of  Table  at  end  of  Manual. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Rob,  robbed,  pack,  packed,  prick,  pricked,  brag,  bragged,  bit, 
taught,  might,  not,  east,  made,  debt,  paid,  act,  art,  get,  doubt, 
glad,  crude,  added,  noted,  hardly,  better,  mailed,  nailed,  kept, 
engaged,  crept,  clipped,  snapped,  plates,  blood,  cried,  bright, 
proud,  cloud,  titled,  papered,  trickled,  tattered,  beggared,  tapered, 
puckered,  draggled,  critical,  dived,  band,  rift,  mound,  round, 
around,  trained,  draft,  mountain,  throned,  returned,  happened, 
deserved,  achieved,  shrined,  print,  approved,  heaved,  blinds, 
offered,  rumored,  traveled,  muffled,  measured,  frowned,  friends, 
grounds,  grafts,  brands,  drifts,  drained,  craved,  found,  mends, 
finds,  plants,  sprained,  splints,  flint,  amendment,  territory,  brilliant. 


EXERCISE  HO.  19.  40 

.2...^....^....5c...]?....L....V-..:\r. 

3     i^        *)         ^        {p        A        X       v<r 

_4.._.v ^ ^ a^ <^  ._-/^ y^.. 

r«  —  y      s.r — >■ — — • ^ ^-' 


sf- 


9 


•J-^-1--'^— -i- 


10_._ ^_ ^\ ^ "Nj. 


% 


«>■  /f^  C  \' 

il.._-^.._.     -s ? li; Z   ___>_ 


15 

J • ;/ 


50  Shorthand  manual. 

WHEN  TO  HALVE  AND  WHEN  NOT  TO  HALVE. 

175.  When  it  is  necessary  to  put  a  vowel  by  t  or  d,  the  stroke 
must  be  used  instead  of  halving,  hence : 

a.  If  a  word  ends  in  t  or  d  you  can  generally  halve  for  the  t  or 
d,  but  if  a  word  ends  in  a  vowel  after  t  or  d  the  stroke  must  be 
used  for  t  or  d.     See  line  1. 

b.  The  t  or  d  stroke  must  also  be  used  when  two  needed 
vowels  precede  the  t  or  d.     See  line  3. 

176.  A  stroke  should  not  be  halved  unless  it  makes  a  good  angle 
with  the  other  strokes  to  which  it  is  joined.  For  instance,  fact 
must  be  written  ^ — .  In  this  word  k  cannot  be  halved,  for  if  it 
were,  either  there  would  seem  to  be  no  k  at  all,  but  merely  a  long 
f,  or  else  the  outline  would  look  like  f  and  a  full  length  k.  See 
line  5. 

177.  In  unusual  words,  and  in  a  few  other  cases  where  halving 
would  make  an  outline  difficult  to  read,  it  is  best  to  use  the  t  or  d 
stroke,  instead  of  halving.     See  line  7. 

178.  Hay  and  Ray  should  not  be  halved  unless  joined  to  another 
stroke  or  unless  they  have  a  hook ;  otherwise  they  might  be  mis- 
taken for  /    cht  or    C   chft.    See  line  8. 

179.  The  loop,  and  not  halving,  should  be  used  in  such  words 
as  /\j  refused  or  /— n/^  molest  where  t  or  d  comes  aflcr  s  or  z. 
Halve  in  such  words  as  y^  refutes  or  ,--y^  molds  where  t  or  d 
comes  before  s  or  z.  Use  the  loop  for  final  st  or  zd,  but  halve  and 
add  the  circle  for  final  ts  or  dz.     See  line  9. 

WBITING  EXERCISE. 

Beets,  beast,  poised,  pods,  buzzed,  beds,  best,  mist,  mitts,  midst, 
modes,  most,  needs,  sneezed,  wends,  bodes,  bossed,  wilds,  whilst, 
fates,  faced,  voiced,  avoids,  Ned's,  nest,  fact,  evoked,  looked,  rode, 
married,  dated,  stated,  root,  tarried,  avoided,  potted,  imitated, 
red,  roared,  dialect,  doted,  locked,  collect,  reflect,  credit,  credited, 
date,  data,  mud,  muddy,  Neddie,  naught,  Lottie,  flat,  poet,  diet, 
beauty,  haughty,  tidy,  detail,  wants,  beautify,  winds,  esteem, 
madam,  vote,  iced,  heard,  detect,  estimate,  sprout,  mitigate, 
enact,  worst,  intend,  appealed,  pity,  pitched,,  duty,  tight,  appetite, 
cents,  tipped,  used,  hoped,  veto,  occupied,  notice,  notes,  hired, 
intend,  windy,  Jewett,  hand,  styled,  written,  writing,  fortified, 
effected,  fortunate,  sometimes,  peeped,  legitimate,  vacate,  ascend- 
ant, indicated,  instituted,  deposits,  defendant,  superintendent. 


EXERCISE  NO.  20. 


51 


1 


^^ 


^__yt\ 


.ri.... 


I 


^--1 


!i......x..-a__ 


t 


,e 


■^  \rn 


c^  ^^ 


a 


A .A 


S>^ 


■?--^h 


A  .  .  .'i 


.^t 


lu 


-/A;.o/^^ 


v(^        .   v(r^ 


^      cy^ 


11 


^ 


X 


^ 


"-0 


^- 


-V 


^2  Shottthand  CQanaal. 

DOUBLE  LEXGTH  CURVES. 

180.  Making  Emp  twice  its  usual  lengtli  changes  it  to  mper  or 
mber.    See  line  1. 

181.  Doubling  Ing  adds  ker  or  ger.    See  line  2. 

182.  Doubliugany  otlier  curve  adds tlier,ter,  order.   See  line  4. 

183.  The  first  half  of  a  lengthened  curve  is  put  in  the  position 
it  would  occupy  were  it  a  single  length.     See  line  6. 

184.  It  is  better  to  make  a  lengthened  curve  too  long  than  too 
short. 

..:....._.._.._.../. L I.     r 

quite       could      good      general-ly      whatever      different       till 

difference     tell 

"S"al-ly  remark 

particular-ly  part  from  full-y  more  Mr.  advantage  together 
WRITING  EXERCISE. 
I  shall  go  to  Connecticut  the  latter  part  of  September  if  the 
weather  is  fine.  The  Senate  chamber  is  reserved  for  the  highest 
legislators  of  the  land.  Walter  wrote  a  long  letter  to  his  mother 
Thursday,  and  to-morrow  he  will  write  another  letter  to  his 
father.  The  General  will  tell  me  the  full  particulars  of  the  cam- 
paign. It  will  make  no  difference  whatever  with  his  plans.  Could 
you  tell  me  whether  the  grocer  sent  the  oysters  or  not?  I  have 
heard  from  Mr.  Jones.  A  good  deal  more  can  be  gained  by  order 
than  by  disorder.  Is  Arthur  as  well  as  usual?  "We  will  go  to- 
gether. What  advantage  is  there  in  the  plan?  Have  you  read  of 
the  wonderful  adventures  of  Cinderella?  Whatever  may  have 
been  the  cause,  the  General  has  been  forced  to  surrender.  Open 
the  shutters.  Ideas  are  sometimes  smothered  by  a  multitude  of 
words.  He  has  entered  upon  another  term.  Render  honor  to 
whom  honor  is  due.  The  longer  you  linger  the  harder  it  will  be 
for  you  to  enter  upon  your  task.  Does  it  make  any  difference 
whether  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  is  six  inches  or  ten?  The 
feather  pillows  ought  to  be  smoother,  then  the  room  will  look 
neater.  Mr.  Luther's  remarks  were  particularly  good.  This  will 
be  more  to  your  advantage  than  that.  I  would  tell  you  more  of 
the  particulars,  but  I  am  quite  tired.  Put  the  papers  together  in  a 
pile.  Wait  till  I  tell  you  to  go.  It  is  a  long  ride  from  Eochester 
to  Detroit.    When  I  hear  from  my  sister  I  will  explain  matters. 


12 


EXERCISE  NO.  21. 


53 


■..h...r.,  i..x..^..„../i.A.s. 


13 


k-> 


^     ^-r 


h^ 


.t1 


.^..k 


14 


15 


_\_  - 


A" 


w?.\ 


u 


Shorthand  Hlanual. 


WORD  SIGXS. 


2. A. 


A 


r 1 c- 

told    toward      call      care    sure    principal-ly      member         nor 
I  principle    remember-ed   near 

,.:^....:^ .^ r _^. ^ - ^..... 

every  ^difflcult-y  importance 

over     very     ever     however     improve-ment     important     spirit 

..1 J T 2 £ _._....:. >. 

I  nature 

Dr.    dear    during   pleasure    short    under    immediately    opinion 

hundred 


A....A \,. 


1/' 


....d. L (/ 

subject  object  objection  first    after   gentlemen  gentleman    now 

■«V11ITING   EXERCISE. 

Do-you  remember  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Brown,  the  member 
from  Nevada?  We- judge  from  the  principles  he  utters  that  he  is  a 
man  of  a  very  sound  mind.  Will  you  wait  till  I  teU  everybody 
what  improvements  have  been  made  iu-the  plans?  If  ever  he  calls, 
tell-hira  all  about  the  difficulty.  Remember  the  importance  of-the 
improvement  of-the  mind.  Tell  me  now  every  thing  the  member 
told-you.  From  his  treatment  of-his  friends  we-are  sure  that  he 
can  not  be  a  man  of  principle.  He  has  displayed  a  very  different 
spirit  since  you  told-him  of  your  cares.  However  important  the 
matter  may  be,  we-are  sure  that  it  has  been  fully  discussed. 
When  he  came  here  to  call  he  told  me  a  very  good  story.  He  dis- 
played a  proper  spirit  toward  his  enemies.  It  is  more  blessed  to 
give  than  to  receive.  You-must  write  this  lesson  over  and  over 
again.  There-are  more  things  in  Heaven  and  earth  than  are 
dreamed  of  in  your  philosophy.  If  you-will  call  we-will  talk  over 
this  matter  of  improvements.  The  Nature  of  Evil  was  the  subject  of 
the  Doctor's  sermon.  We  take  particular  pleasure  in  expressing 
our  opinion  upon  this  important  subject.  Their  object  was  to 
raise  funds;  first,  to  supply  the  necessities  of-the  sick,  and  after 
that  to  provide  for  the  hundred  orphans  under  their  care.  He  is 
fond  of  expressing  objections  to-the  plans  of  other  gentlemen. 
The  short  gentleman  who  stood  during  the  first  part  of-the  opera 
is  the  father  of  our  dear  friend,  Dr.  Grant.  Neither  you  nor  I 
were  with  him  when  he  spoke  of  the  improverients  in  his  store. 
We-are  sure  that  you-will  come  to  us  immediately  when  you  hear 
how  much  we  need  you.  I  am  sure  that  all  of  his  objections  are 
well  founded.    His  visits  are  short  but  they  give  us  great  pleasure. 


EXERCISE  NO.  22. 


55 


1  ^  l.•5_^'..c__..!.:.^..^_.^_r?\__x, 


2  ^  _  )  _  y 


\     o      <r~b       f 


>     .-o 


( 


.\__^-\--..h 


°   "A 


-\"-- 


„  -1  r  • 


vl9       .      v^ 


>     \ 


10_  <f^ 

n..). 

12 


■-r.^---^^    -1-'      </. 


i»..^...-.v...r:r. 


3  O  • 


(■ 


14 


I"  /• 


....IL/T.A, 


_1P_     .    /_    \    "). 


:__^ 


66  Shorthand  Hlanual. 

LARGE  HOOKS. 

r   r  (^  c^  (^  c-  cv ./ 

tw       dw       kw       gw       Ir       ml       nl       rl 
qu 

185.  The  above  are  called  Tway,  Dway,  Kway,  Gway,  Ler,  Mel, 
Nel,  Rel. 

186.  The  large  w  hook  is  chiefly  used  at  the  beginniug  of  words, 
but  when  convenient  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of  words.     Line  4. 

187.  A  vowel  never  comes  between  the  large  w  hook  and  its 
stem,  but  Ler,  Mel,  Nel,  and  Rel  may  be  safely  used  in  long  out- 
lines, even  though  a  vowel  comes  between  the  hook  and  the  stem. 
Line  5. 

TIIR,  TR,  DR.       tj^       SHUN. 

188.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  Iss  side  of  any  stroke  adds  the 
sound  of  shun  or  zhun  to  the  stroke.    See  line  7. 

189.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  opposite  side  of  a  straight  stroke 
adds  the  sound  of  tr,  dr  or  thr.    See  line  8. 

190.  The  n  hook  may  be  written  vfithin  the  tr,  dr,  or  thr  hook. 
Ex.    \    brethren. 

191.  Continuing  the  circle  s  or  ns  until  it  forms  a  curl  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stroke  adds  shun  or  zhun.    Ex.  .4  decision, 

,(ji  transition.  This  curl  is  called  Ishun.  The  vowel  between  s 
and  shun  is  written  before  the  combined  circle  and  curl  if  first- 
place,  after  if  second-place.     Iss  may  be  added  to  Ishun. 

■VFBITING  EXERCISE. 

Twin,  quick,  quail,  quill,  squall,  daughter,  pleader,  clatter, 
gutters,  action,  petition,  attractions,  bother,  session,  twins, 
motion,  duration,  gaiters,  nation,  fashions,  plotters,  twain,  cater, 
notion,  effusion,  auction,  cheater,  passion,  edition,  probation, 
decision,  position,  transition,  creation,  queen,  quince,  physician, 
quaint,  gather,  mission,  evasion,  glitter,  disposition,  sensation, 
twice,  director,  queer,  orations,  revision,  stations,  scatter,  section, 
attention,  dispossession,  patience,  oblation,  quibble,  twig,  secre- 
tion, brothers,  blotter,  operators,  operation,  transitional,  sensa- 
tional, squib,  quack,  missionary,  squeal,  association,  writen 
equator,  situation,  channel,  pommel,  Tyrol,  tunnel,  peril,  panel, 
color,  carol,  cannel,  animal,  family,  cooler,  learned,  final,  mammal, 
collar,  venal,  gallery,  penal,  nominal,  keeler,  enamel,  ferule, 
mackerel,  promulgate,  melancholy,  railroad. 


EXERCISE  NO.  23. 


57 


JL.^...^....^-.  .^.1 


Sr. 


--^---^^..-i,---r^--% 


.cyX.c^,.-.-^/:.o^..:-yh^,(r:.. 


u 


-a-9o.. 


V— .t—  - 


---^---V-----V3-- 


10 


11 


..Lo.-.l-^.c O.c ^.<i^..tre. 


12 


'V    'V' 


^"1^" 


1. ... 


13 


■X      V 


.1  ....!/" 


14 


i)-. 


^— 5V  -  _  _  J~^.  .  _ 


-TX 


-^: 


15 


.Vs 


_J 


^  o— ' 


/^. 


58  Shorthand  CQanual. 

PREFIXES. 

192.  Con  or  com  is  indicated  by  a  dot  placed  just  before  the 
beginning  of  a  stroke,  and  in  a  line  with  it.     See  line  1. 

193.  Con,  com,  or  cog  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  and  sometimes 
at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  expressed  by  writing  the  part  that 
follows  con,  etc.,  close  to,  and  if  convenient,  a  little  below  the 
part  that  precedes  con,  etc.     See  line  2. 

194.  Contra,  contri,  contro,  or  counter  is  indicated  by  a  slanting 
tick  placed  just  before  the  beginning  of  a  stroke.     See  line  3. 

195.  Circum  or  self  is  denoted  by  Iss.     See  line  4. 

196.  En,  in,  or  un  is  indicated  by  a  semi-circle  made  back- 
ward before  the  spr  series,  \^^  etc.,  or  by  the  semi-circle  o 
before/^  and     (5~^    This  prefix  may  be  called  the  n  curl.   Line  5. 

197.  Magna  or  magni  is  expressed  by  writing  '— n  over  the  fol- 
lowing stroke.     See  line  6. 

198.  A  word  sign  may  be  used  as  a  prefix,  provided  the  joining 
is  good  and  provided  there  is  no  ambiguity.     See  line  7. 

AFFIXES. 

199.  Ble,  bly,  and  sometimes  bility,.are  expressed  by  b.    Line  8. 

200.  Ful  and  fore  are  indicated  by  f.     See  line  9. 

201.  Ing  is  denoted  by  a  dot  and  ings  by  a  small  circle  placed  at 
the  end  of  a  stroke.  These  affixes  are  used  in  long  outlines  and 
where  the  ng  stroke  would  not  make  a  good  joining.    Line  10. 

202.  Ly  is  represented  by  1  joined  or  detached.     See  line  11. 

203.  Ality,  ility  or  arity  may  be  indicated  by  disjoining  the 
stroke  immediately  preceding  the  affix.     See  line  12.  ^'^ 

204.  Self  is  expressejl  by  Iss  and  selves  by  Sez.      Ex 

myself,  ..<3'.. himself,  ...v).... themselves.    See  line  13. 

206.     Ship  is  denoted  by  sh  joined  or  detached.     See  line  14. 

206.  A  word  sign  joined  or  detached  may  be  used  as  an  affix. 

Ex.    v^    hereafter,  ^"'V    whenever.     See  line  15. 

207.  ~  Convenience  and  legibility  determine  whether  one  of  the 
above  prefixes  or  affixes  should  be  used,  or  whether  the  word 
should  be  written  in  full. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Contain,  contrive,  command,  decompose,  reconcile,  accom- 
pany, recognize,  countermine,  circumspect,  circumscrioe,  selfish, 
instruct,  instrumentj  enslave,  magnify,  conditions,  commutation, 


EXERCISE  NO.  24. 


5'J 


i. 


.^...::t-.^-A... 


..^..->^.-|:-z:'rf..k 


^ 


/cv  /qV^ 


5^ 


^ 


.i. 


T- 


A 


10 


\ 


1  ^'^ 


I- 


^- 


11 


12 


13 


V-'^, 

C....C. 


-r- 


%>^ 


|v 


V 


-^ 


_  cr 


\ 


■lb- 


<r~b 


^~6 CJ^P 


14 


^ 


R...>^..k^..V-(-    ^ 


-V  _ 


.,....:l.. 


60  Shot»thand  manual. 

magnificent,  conquest,  accommodate,  irreconcilable,  inspiration, 
self-esteem,  self-instruction,  complain,  inscribe,  unseemly,  coun- 
terfeit, insolvpnt,  discontent,  recommend,  inscription,  recom- 
pense, unconflned,  controversy,  inconvenient,  inconsiderable, 
profitable,  painful,  successful,  beautiful,  -wherefore,  doing,  making, 
engraving,  blessings,  legibility,  sensibility,  instrumentality,  myself, 
yourselves,  hardship,  whenever,  anything,  admissible,  himself,  her- 
self, trying,  kindly,  stability,  craving,  peculiarity,  ourselves,  pay- 
ing, buying,  sleeping,  friendship,  placing,  cleaning,  creasing, 
gazing,  meaning,  susceptibility,  considering,  kinship,  yoursell, 
condensation,  writing,  drifting,  contractor,  compensation. 

WORD  SIGNS. 

-' ,...->........■■' I - (.^ 

accordlng-ly,    had,    now,     opportunity,    dollar,     advertise,     because,     thank. 


•— /...../.  ../....\...v 

ivern-ment,  danger,  large,  larger,  number,  practl 
V'***' ^<^ |^'rathe'r.*'T"*'^^' 


govern-ment,  danger,  large,  larger,  number,  practice,  probable,  public   publish, 

/ 


tbougli     never,    nevertheless,    notwithstanding,    until,    value,    establishment, 

...y^ ^:\.. 

being,     ImposBible,     influence,     represent,     representative,     representation. 

They  will  probably  publish  the  results  of  their  investigations, 
because  this  will  afford  them  an  excellent  opportunity  to  advertise 
their  new  machine,  and  thus  introduce  it  to  the  public.  A  large 
number  of  counterfeit  dollars  were  found  in  the  possession  of 
representatives  of  that  establishment.  His  practice  is  probably 
larger.  It  is  impossible  for  the  people  ever  to  have  influence  in 
the  government  until  they  understand  the  value  of  representation. 
Until  now  we  have  never  found  an  opportunity  to  thank  you. 
Though  many  dangers  threaten  us,  we  will,  nevertheless,  uphold 
the  right  according  to  our  understanding  of  it.  Whom  do  you 
represent,  and  what  opinions  do  you  entertain? 


EXERCISE  NO.  25. 


61 


•--r,-^..^...-..i.x..r-..:...v.')-(r(.x.. 


.  t 


r 


\j 


_".(. 


./C_--^__1jz)_x__^  _ 


-^---^-V-\--/-v---v^--^- 


_\  _  I^ 


...r..(.:.-^L^  .^..:...v.;. 


..Y^i 


11 


12 


y  \. 


13 


_\_  •)^_1_-. 


14 


°  ^  ^  /__r^  l_5> 


•f 


_<U_P_ 


15 


'^.r^-^.r..f^  S:...^.c).s..^: 


62  ShoPthand  Cflaftual. 

EL,  OR  LAY. 

208.  As  has  been  seen  from  the  preceding  reading  exercises, 
Lay  is  used  much  oftener  than  El.  This  is  because  the  motion  in 
making  Lay  is  forward  towards  the  next  word,  while  the  motion 
in  making  El  is  backward.  For  the  sake  of  speed,  therefore,  Lay 
should  always  be  used  unless  El  is  necessary  for  legibility  or  con- 
venience. These  two  considerations  require  that  El  should  be 
used  wlienever  Lay  makes  a  bad  joining,  or  whenever  it  is  neces- 
sary to  indicate  that  a  vowel  precedes  El  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word ;  hence  the  following  rules: 

209.  El  should  be  used  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline  when  1  is 
preceded  by  a  vowel  and  followed  by  a  horizontal  —     ^^-^ 

^■^     ■^— /■      or    v«^  If  no  vowel  precedes  1,  use  Lay. 

210.  El  should  be  used  at  the  end  of  an  outline  after    \^ 
^  y/^  /'^  C unless  a  vowel  follows  1,  then  Lay  should  be 

used.    Line  3. 

211.  El  is  used  after  ^— '  or  ^— *^  for  the  sake  of  the  angle. 
Line  5. 

212.  In  the  middle  of  an  outline  use  whichever  1  is  most  con- 
venient.    See  line  6. 

213.  In  other  cases  Lay  should  generally  be  used.     See  line  7. 

TICKS  FOR  THE,  A,  AN,  AXD. 

214.  In  phrasing,  the  is  represented  by  a  short  slanting  tick 
joined  to  a  preceding  word.  For  the  sake  of  securing  a  good 
angle,  the  ticks  for  the  may  be  written  in  the  direction  of  Chet, 
Ret,  or  Pet.  They  are,  therefore,  called  Chetoid,  Retold,  or 
Petoid.    Oid  means  like.    See  line  10. 

215.  Ay  an,  or  and  may  be  joined  to  a  preceding  or  to  a  fol- 
lowing word  by  a  short  vertical  or  horizontal  tick,  -  Ketoid  or  i 
Tetoid,  so  called  from  their  resemblance  to  the  half-lengths  Ket 
and  Tet.    See  line  12. 

216.  The  ticks  should  not  be  made  longer  than  one-fourth  the 
length  of  a  stroke.  If  made  too  long  they  will  look  like  half- 
lengths;  if  too  short  they  will  look  like  dots. 

217.  Choose  the  tick  that  makes  the  sharpest  angle  or  point 
with  the  stroke.  As  a  rule  the  direction  of  the  tick  should  be 
opposite  to  the  direction  of  the  stroke. 

218.  When  a  tick  does  not  make  a  good  angle,  it  is  better  to 
use  the  dot  sign,  as  in  the  expression  of  a  or  to  a. 


EXERCISE  NO.  26. 


03 


U       I       ^^      ^k       x-J^ 


"V 


\r 


9_      V^ 
10 


\.x-y-h-^-y^-'^- 


\ 


y 


11 


12 


13 


14 


/> 


>C 


.y-/....J 


-S 


1 


//_ 


-T- 

■r 


■I- 


V 


A_... 


—  y 


....\...i...r-^..l 


64  Shorthand  OQanual. 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

Elk,  lake,  elm,  lame,  Olga,  log,  alike,  elegant,  like,  Illinois,  lion, 
along,  lung,  lime,  lamb,  illumination,  Allegliany,  file,  fallow,  vile, 
volley,  whirl,  Rollia,  flail,  frail,  freely,  violent,  Holland,  nail, 
Nile,  kingly,  pollen,  Delano,  gelatine,  felon,  intellect,  volition, 
electric,  Elraira,  eloquent,  delinquent,  thrills,  mail,  broil,  trail, 
furlough,  nestle,  facile,  easily,  renewal,  lesson,  little,  elope, 
alcohol,  linger,  listen,  quail,  loosen,  annual,  frizzle,  lineage^ 
loyalty,  polish,  literary,  aloof,  abolish,  location,  nozzle,  also, 
always,  squall,  legation,  Ellen. 

(Where  no  principle  would  be  violated,  a  reporter  may  select  the 
form  that  suits  him  best.  For  example,  some  reporters  prefer  El 
in  such  words  as  lounge,  length,  etc.,  while  others  find  Lay  more 
couvenient.) 

For  the,  that  the,  in  the,  are  the,  from  the,  was  the,  then  the, 
had  the,  is  the,  as  the,  ought  the,  all  the,  have  the,  by  the,  under 
the,  in  a,  such  a,  and  in  a,  and  is,  is  a,  and  as,  and  has,  as  a,  has  a, 
and  it,  or  a,  or  the,  but  a,  but  the,  on  a,  on  the,  should  a, 
should  the,  by  a,  if  the,  and  had  the,  and  at  a,  and  was  the,  and  in 
the,  and  was  a,  and  which  the,  and  that  the,  and  is  the,  and  as  the, 
and  for  the,  and  then  the,  and  when  a,  and  think  the. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

73.  What  is  said  of  the  position  of  word-signs? 

74.  How  often  should  the  word-signs  be  reviewed? 
76.    What  is  the  direction  of  on  and  should? 

76.  On  which  side  of  straight  strokes  is  the  1  hook  written?  the 
r  hook? 

77.  Which  hook  is  written  on  the  circle  side? 

78.  Name  the  double  consonants  given  on  p.  36. 

79.  How  are  the  double  consonants  vocalized? 

80.  When  is  the  hook  written  and  when  read? 

81.  What  is  said  of  retracing  a  stroke? 

82.  When  should  the  hook  and  when  should  the  stroke  be  used 
for  1  or  r? 

83.  Which  final  hook  is  written  on  the  circle  side,  and  which  is 
written  on  the  opposite  side  ? 

84.  Name  the  double  consonants  given  on  p.  39. 

85.  When  is  the  final  hook  read? 


Shorthand  Cnanual.  66 


86.  When  should  the  hook  and  when  should  the  stroke  be  used 
for  f,  V,  or  n?     Give  throe  cases  when  the  stroke  should  be  used. 

87.  What  is  always  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  final  hook? 

88.  What  is  generally  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  final  stroke? 

89.  How  is  the  circle  prefixed  to  the  1-hooked  stroke? 

90.  How  should  Iss  be  written  in  words  like  exclusive? 

91.  How  is  the  circle  added  to  the  f  or  v  hooks? 

92.  How  may  Iss  be   combined  with  the  r  hook  on  straight 
strokes  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  ?  in  the  middle  of  a  word? 

93.  How  are  words  like  disagree  or  Jasper  written? 

94.  How  may  Iss,  Scz,  Steh,  or  Ster  be  combined  with  then 
hook  at  the  end  of  straight  strokes? 

95.  What  is  generally  used  instead  of  the  ns  circle  in  the  middle 
of  words? 

9G.    Name  and  write  the  curved  double  consonants. 

97.  What  is  said  of  fr,  vr,  thr,  etc.? 

98.  What  is  said  of  shl  and  zhl? 

99.  How  are  Mer  and  Ner  distinguished  from  Wem  and  Wen? 

100.  How  is  the  circle  combined  with  all  hooks  on  curves? 

101.  What  curves  take  the  n  hook? 

102.  Can  Iss  be  added  to  a  word-sign,  and  why? 

103.  Name  the  signs  for  "all,  already,  ought,  of,  or,  on,  two, 
to,  owe,  but,  who,  should."  Ans.  Betoid  1,  Detoid  1,  Jetoid  1, 
Petoid  1,  Tetoid  1,  Retold  1,  Betoid  2,  Petoid  2,  Detoid  2,  Tetoid 
2,  Jetoid  2,  and  Retoid  2. 

104.  What  is  the  effect  of  halving  a  stroke? 

105.  Name  the  half  lengths. 

106.  Give  the  rule  for  the  position  of  half  lengths. 

107.  When  should  the  t  or  d  expressed  by  halving  be  read? 

108.  Give  two  ways  of  expressing  final  ted  or  ded. 

109.  What  light  strokes  are  sometimes  shaded  when  halved? 

110.  When  should  halving  and  when  should  the  stroke  be  used 
lor  t  or  d  at  the  end  of  a  word?    Give  two  cases. 

111.  Name  two  other  cases  when  it  is  not  best  to  halve. 

112.  When  can  Hay  and  Ray  be  halved? 

113.  What  distinction  is  made  between  final  st  and  ts,  zd  and 
dz? 

114.  What  is  the  effect  of  doubling  Emp?  Ing?  any  othercurvc? 

115.  Which  half  of  a  lengthened  curve  is  put  in  position? 


66  Shorthand  manual. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

219.  The  half  length  )  st  is  sometimes  written  up.    See  line  1. 

220.  All  true  word-signs  are  more  or  less  exceptional;  that  is, 
they  do  not  follow  all  tlie  directions  given  for  phonetic  represen- 
tation, for  vocalization,  position,  choice  of  hook  or  stroke  for  1  or 
r,  etc. 

221.  In  rare  cases  the  f  or  v  hook  may  be  used  on  curves,  in  or- 
der to  avoid  an  awkward  joining,  or  a  long,  inconvenient  outline. 
This  hook  should  be  long  and  thin  to  distinguish  it  from  the  n 
hook.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  afDx  ful,  as  in  the  words 
thankful,  thankfulness.  See  line  2.  The  chief  use  of  this  hook  is 
in  phrasing. 

222.  c —  c —  y^  y^  c^-  c —  /^  and  /^  may  generally  be  used 
in  words  of  frequent  occurrence,  even  though  a  prominent  vowel 
sound  comes  between  the   stroke  and  the  hook.    Ex.  c—    court, 

Z'  child.     If,  however,  a  final  vowel  follows  the  1  or  the  r,  the 

stroke  and  not  the  hook  should  be  used  for  1  or  r. 

223.  The  above  double  consonants  may  be  safely  used,  because 
the  words  which  they  represent  are  so  few,  that  in  a  sentence  the 
context  will  easily  determine  which  word  is  meant.  This  class  of 
words  is  generally  included  in  the  list  of  word-signs,  but  it  is  un- 
necessary to  burden  the  memory  with  them,  as  the  only  irregular- 
ity in  their  formation  is  the  use  of  the  hook  instead  of  the  stroke 
for  1  or  r. 

224.  A  prominent  intervening  vowel  sound  does  not  always  pre- 
vent the  1  or  r  hook  being  used  on  other  strokes  than  —  _-  / 
or  /  when  it  is  desirable  to  avoid  a  long  or  an  inconvenient  out- 
line. This  liberty,  however,  must  be  indulged  in  only  when  the  out- 
line is  long  or  peculiar,  never  lohen  there  toould  be  only  one  stroke  in 
the  word,  or  tohen  there  would  be  a  sacrifice  of  legibility . 

225.  To  aid  the  beginner  in  reading,  vowels  occurring  between 
a  stroke  and  its  initial  hook  may  be  written  as  follows : 

a.  Dots  are  made  into  circles  and  are  written,  if  convenient, 
before  the  stroke  to  indicate  a  long  vowel,  or  after  the  stroke  to 

indicate  a  short  vowel.    Ex.   >/  charge,  « — .^__^  calendar.    See 
lines  3—13.  X 

b.  Dash  vowels  and  diphthongs  are  written  across  the  stroke 
See  lines  3—13. 


EXERCISE  NO.  27. 


67 


Q 


•B.-..U>--^-J-^-A'.r- 


" o  — 


,_|_D c4^  _  _  in jT. 51tL/_  _ 


-.H- H-  --* 


I  v~ 


,^ 


.>'.-c^...cx:..V!-..X,... 


'i-f?.  .tki.  -f-&/ .  .1^1 .  rrl'. .  r-^„ 


68  Shorthand  nianual. 

c.  When  the  presence  of  a  hook,  circle,  etc.,  would  make  It  in- 
convenient to  write  a  vowel  across  the  stroke,  flrst-place  vowels 
may  be  written  at  the  beginning  of  the  stroke,  and  third-place 
vowels  at  the  end  of  the  stroke. 

226.  The  advanced  writer  seldom  uses  this  method  of  vocal- 
ization, because  he  can  easily  read  the  class  of  words  mentioned 
in  articles  222 — 225  without  vowels,  and  in  other  cases  he  prefers 
a  longer  outline  that  needs  no  vowels  to  a  shorter  outline  that 
must  be  vocalized. 

227.  In  such  words  as  moral,  immoral,  material,  immaterial, 
etc.,  the  double  letter  in  the  negative  word  may  be  expressed  by 
two  strokes  instead  of  one,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  positive  from 
which  it  is  derived.    See  line  14. 

228.  In  a  few  cases  a  half  length  may  be  joined  to  a  stroke  with 
which  it  makes  no  angle.  Such  words  sliould  be  written  with 
especial  care  as  to  length  and  curvature,  in  order  to  insure 
legibility.     See  line  16. 

PHRASE-WRITING. 

229.  One  of  the  most  valuable  expedients  for  obtaining  speed  is 
phrase-writing,  by  means  of  which  two  or  more  words  arc  written 
without  lifting  the  pen.  The  words  thus  joined  are  generally 
easier  read  than  when  written  separately.         ■v 

Ex..\Ji.,^..we  have8een,,..L at  the  time,w..j by  that  time. 

280.  Rule  1.  The  Jirst  word  in  a  phrase  is  written  in  its  usual 
position  and  the  other  words  follow  after  without  regard  to  posi- 
tion. Ex. Si they  thought, L that  they  were.  See  Exer- 
cise 28,  line  1.                                      ^ 

231.  Exc.  1.    In  rare  instances,  the  second  word  of  a  phrase  is 

put  in  position  instead  of  the  first.     Ex in  these, .v 

in  this,  ..^^n/.— ,  in  those.    This  is  because  the  meaning  of  the 

phrase  depends  upon  the  position  of  the  second  word.    See  line  4. 

232.  Exc.  2.  A,  an,  and,  and  the  always  take  the  position  of  the 
word  to  which  they  are  joined.     Ex.  -^  the  first, and  we  were. 

233.  Ing  the,  may  be  represented  in  phrazing  by  writing  a  slant- 
ing tick  in  place  of  the  lug  dot. 

Ex.  I  doing  the. 
y 


Shorthand  manual.  69 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

You  may,  you  can,  you  will,  you  may  try,  you  can  do,  you  may 
think,  you  may  go,  you  will  do,  you  will  find,  you  will  try,  we 
were,  we  will  find,  we  will  try,  we  are,  we  are  glad,  w-e  think,  we 
think  that,  we  think  you  may,  we  think  you  must,  we  thiaik  you 
will,  we  have  had,  wc  have  seen,  they  were,  they  think  that,  they 
thought  that,  it  was,  it  would  be,  it  was  done,  in  these,  in  this,  in 
those,  in  each,  in  which,  in  much,  what  would  be,  what  was  done, 
they  said,  and  with  that,  what  was  said,  what  is  done,  having  the. 

234.  When  must  is  joined  to  a  following  word,  its  loop  is 
changed  to  a  circle.     See  line  2. 

235.  I  is  indicated  in  phrase-writing  by  one-half  of  the  word- 
sign  for  I,  either  Petoid  or  Retoid  as  is  most  convenient.     Ex. 

.—X  I  think I  am. 

236.  You  may  be  represented  in  phrasing  by  y  "when  r>  cannot  be 
conveniently  joined.     See  line  0. 

237  Not  is  represented  either  by  Net  or  by  the  n  hook  and 
halving.    Ex.  |  do,  j  do  not  or  don't,  /^  will,  /^  will  not. 

238.  Is,  his,  as,  has,  or  us,  may  be  indicated  by  Iss.  Ex.  \^  it 
is,  ^  tell  us,  ^  tells  us.     See  lines  1  and  7. 

239.  Have  or  of,  may  be  denoted  by  the  f  or  v  hook.  Ex. 
out  of  the  way.     See  line  5. 

240.  Their,  there,  or  they  are  may  ])e  added  to  a  curve  by  length- 
ening it,  to  a  straight  stroke  by  the  use  of  the  thr,  tr  or  dr  hook,  and 
to  hooks,  etc.,  by  a  heavy  slanting  tick  \  Betoid  or  /  Jetoid. 
See  lines  8  and  9. 

241.  Than  and  oicn  may  be  represented  in  phrasing  by  the  n 
hook;  are  and  sometimes  our  by  the  r  hook;  icill  and  sometimes 
all  by  the  1  hook.    Line  10.    ^  may  be  used  for  have  been. 

242.  The  h  tick  may  be  used  by  careful  writers  to  indicate  he  in 
phrasing.  Remember  this  tick  must  always  be  written  down,  in 
the  direction  of  /  ch.  If  written  otherwise,  it  may  be  mistaken 
for  one  of  the  ticks  for  I.  The  tick  for  he  always  takes  the 
position  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  joined.    See  line  11. 

243.  It  is  sometimes  safe  in  phrasing  to  indicate  it  by  halving 
the  preceding  stroke.    Ex.  ...J......  if  it  were. 


70  Shorthand  Cflanual. 

E5GERCISE    28. 

Line  1.  It  is  done,  it  has  been,  wliiclx  has  been,  is  not,  has  not, 
it  should  not  be,  it  has  not  been  done,  it  is  important,  it  is  im- 
possible, it  seems  to  me,  it  seems  to  be,  it  seems  likely. 

Lin?  2.  You  must,  you  must  be,  you  must  do,  we  must  have, 
we  must  be,  we  must  not  do,  we  must  not  think,  we  are  sorry, 
we  are  aware,  we  think  we  are. 

Line  3.  I  think,  I  am,  I  shall,  I  can,  I  will,  I  jvas,  I  am  not,  I 
will  not,  I  cannot  be,  I  am  very  glad,  I  am  sorry,  I  am  sure  it 
would  be. 

Line  4.  By  these,  by  this,  I  do,  I  had,  I  did  not,  I  do  not,  I  had 
not,  with  me  or  with  my,  we  may,  we  might  not,  we  may  not,  we 
are  in,  we  are  not,  were  not,  I  do  not  know  them. 

Line  6.  Which  have  been,  which  have  not  been,  who  have  been, 
who  have  not  been,  they  have  been,  I  have,  I  have  been,  I  have  not 
been,  I  have  not  done,  I  have  gone,  I  have  not  gone,  I  shall  not  be. 

Line  6.  Give  you,  send  you,  you  know  it,  they  sent  you,  we 
have  seen  you,  when  you  can,  if  you  can  do  so,  if  you  have  been, 
do  you  think,  do  you  remember,  do  you  know. 

Line  7.  Do  us,  think  so,  think  us,  give  us,  gives  us,  send  us, 
they  sent  us,  let  us,  let  us  know,  let  us  be  sure,  as  well  as,  as  long 
as,  as  much  as,  as  soon  as  possible. 

Line  8.  In  their,  I  was  there,  I  think  they  are,  we  have  seen 
their,  if  there  has  been,  for  there  is  no  one,  some  other,  no  other, 
the  other,  have  their,  of  their. 

Line  9.  You  will  not  be  there,  I  cannot  be  there,  by  their,  we 
had  their,  where  they  are  going,  where  there  is  a,  I  had  not  their, 
down  there,  I  believe  they  are,  they  were  not  there,  that  we  were 
not  there,  they  have  been  there,  we  were  there. 

Line  10.  More  than,  better  than,  rather  than,  longer  than, 
sooner  than,  your  own,  our  own,  which  are,  which  will,  it  will, 
they  are,  they  will,  of  all,  in  our,  less  than. 

Line  11.  He  is,  he  has,  he  has  been,  he  was,  he  would  not  be, 
he  cannot  do,  he  will  try,  he  may,  I  may,  he  said,  I  said,  I  thought 
he  would  be,  if  he  has  been,  that  he  was. 

Line  12.  At  all,  it  will  be,  it  will  not  be,  at  first,  at  last,  for 
sometime,  at  the  same  time,  not  only,  as  it,  is  it,  as  it  has  not 
been,  as  it  seems  to  me,  of  course,  it  may  be  as  well. 

Line  13.  As  there,  is  there  anything,  I  mean  to  be,  I  intend  to 
be,  we  mean  to  have,  do  you  mean  to  say,  two  or  three,  bill  of 


EXERCISE  NO.  28. 


71 


A 1  .r?.z  t7. .  :^.~)  -  ?-  -~C. 


i^.Vii.^. 


C-3 C/^ 


—  r__c^__a_v___ 


5./  ^_ A.^.vv.Vor- ^o_oo  .7^.73  _^m . _ rT_^. 


I _l  _(_C «^_ 4p_  /?_  /:'rr_/?v_Co»-/f-^2A^- 


l-ry _  k_/ 


ji .  i^^^.t^.  r  .^.  ."ir^  ^  .y.  <xr  A  ^ 


10 


-v-?.xr^_v 


^^' 


}}  -  ^'•-l  ^r- ^-<-)   L.  frriL^  /<J 


12 


13 


72  Shorthand  CQanual. 


lading,  -word  of  God,  over  and  over  again,  liear  from  you,  accord- 
isg  to,  of  it. 

Line  14.  Dear  sir;  yes,  sir;  no,  sir;  in  order  that,  in  order  to. 
In  regard  to,  in  reply,  we  reply,  in  relation  to,  with  relation  to, 
with  respect  to,  yours  respectfully. 

244.  The  words  of  a  frequently  recurring  phrase  are  some- 
times run  together  in  speaking,  so  that  the  whole  sounds  like  a 
single  word.  Such  a  phrase  is  often  written  as  it  sounds,  as  if  it 
were  but  one  word,  the  outlines  of  the  separate  words  being 
written  or  disregarded,  as  is  most  convenient,    Ex. ..  ..  at  hand, 

J 


^ 


.<we  are  in  receipt. 

245.  Every  business  has  its  technical  terms  and  peculiar  phrases. 
These  should  be  written  in  full  until  the  writer  Ijecomes  familiar 
with  them,  when  they  may  be  abbreviated  or  phrased  with  safety  and 

advantage.    Thus  the  sermon  reporter  may  write! .Vs.5..  Kingdom 

of  Heaven,  aud  the  law  reporter  may  use  such  phrases  as     ^ 
what  is  your  business,  and     ^^     where  do  you  reside.  ^ 

246.  The  student  should  phrase  carefully,  using  at  present  only 
the  most  common  phrases.  Although  phrasing  adds  greatly  to 
speed,  it  is  better  to  phrase  too  little  than  to  phrase  wrongly. 

247.  Legibility,  convenience  of  writing,  and  connection  of  ideas, 
are  the  three  things  to  be  considered  in  phrasing,  hence : 

248.  Never  phrase  words  that  are  not  united  in  a  grammatical 
phrase  or  clause.  Phrase  such  sets  of  words  as  are  of  frequent 
occurrence,  like  "very  well,  at  present,  we  will  be  glad,"  etc. 
Join  such  words  as  naturally  belong  to  each  other,  such  as  a  pro- 
noun and  its  verb,  an  adjective  aud  its  noun,  a  verb  and  its  object, 
a  preposition  and  the  word  or  words  following,  an  adverb  and  the 
word  modified. 

249.  Exception.  The  and  a  may  be  joined  to  a  preceding  word 
for  the  sake  of  convenience,  although  more  closely  connected  in 
thought  with  the  following  noun. 

250.  Never  phrase  unless  the  joining  is  easy,  and  unless  the 
outline  of  each  word  in  the  phrase  is  distinct  and  unmistakeable. 
As  a  rule,  there  should  be  a  sharp  angle  at  each  joining. 

251.  Do  not  employ  phrases  of  an  inconvenient  length,  or 
phrases  that  extend  too  far  alcove  or  below  the  line  of  writing. 

252.  The  inexperienced  writer  is  sometimes  puzzled  to  know 
which  is  the  better  of  two  possible  ways  of  phrasing.  In  such  cases 
he  should  apply  his  common  sense  to  his  shorthand  just  as  he  would 
to  anything  else,  always  bearing  in  mind  that  in  every  phrase  there 
are  three  thin^js  to  be  considered,  legibility,  convenience  of  toriting, 
aud  connection  of  ideas. 


Shoirthand  manual.  73 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

116.  Write  Tway,  Dway,  Kway,  Gway,  Ler,  Mel,  Nel  and  Rel. 

117.  What  is  said  of  an  intervening  vowel  in  the  above? 

118.  What  large  final  hook  is  written  on  the  circle  side?  on  the 
opposite  side? 

1 19.  How  must  the  syllable  shun  be  indicated  when  a  circle  and 
a  vowel  precede  the  shuu? 

120.  How  can  Ishun  be  vocalized? 

121.  Give  the  prefixes  and  examples  of  each. 

122.  Give  the  affixes  and  examples  of  each. 

123.  When  should  a  word  be  written  in  full,  and  when  should  a 
prefix  or  an  affix  be  used? 

124.  Why  is  Lay  used  oftener  than  El? 

126.    What  two  considerations  require  El  to  be  used? 

126.  When  should  El  be  used  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline? 

127.  When  should  El  be  used  at  the  end  of  an  outline? 

128.  After  what  stroke  should  El  be  used  for  the  sake  of  a  good 
joining. 

129.  Which  1  is  used  in  the  middle  of  an  outline? 

130.  In  other  cases,  which  1  is  used? 

131.  Give  the  direction,  length  and  names  of  the  ticks  for  the, 
and,  a  or  an. 

132.  How  can  you  tell  which  tick  to  choose? 

133.  When  is  a  dot  preferable  to  a  tick? 

134.  What  half-length  is  sometimes  written  up? 

135.  What  is  the  nature  of  a  true  word-sign? 

136.  When  may  the  f  or  v  hook  be  written  on  curves? 

137.  How  is  the  f  or  v  hook  on  curves  distinguished  from  the 
n  hook? 

138.  What  affix  is  sometimes  denoted  by  the  f  or  v  hook? 

139.  What  strokes  take  the  1  or  r  hook,  even  though  a  vowel 
intervenes? 

140.  Why  is  this  safe? 

141.  Why  are  not  these  words  classed  with  the  word-signs? 

142.  Can  the  initial  hook  be  used  in  any  other  cases  when  there 
is  an  intervening  vowel? 

143.  What  is  said  of  this  liberty? 

144.  How  should  a  vowel  occurring  between  a  hook  and  its 
initial  stroke  be  written? 

U5.    Does  the  advanced  writer  use  this  method  of  vocalizing? 
Why  not? 

146.    How  are  such  words  as  immoral,  immaterial,  etc.,  written? 


74  Shorthand  nianual. 

MISCELLANY. 

263.  Always  vocalize  an  uncommon  word  or  a  proper  name  the 
first  time  writing  it  in  shorthand. 

254.  When  two  prominent  vowels  belong  to  a  single  stroke  out- 
line, one  vowel  may  be  written  and  the  other  indicated  by  position* 
Example.  ..^—  arrow.  One  vowel  should  always  be  Inserted  in 
such  words  as  obey,  Ohio,  idea. 

255.  When  two  vowels  are  to  be  written  on  the  same  side  of 
the  same  stroke,  the  vowel  that  is  read  next  to  the  stroke  is  writ- 
ten nearest  to  it^^  Example.      ">      area,     — <7~N'   cameo. 

256.  When  a  long  vowel  is  followed  by  a  short  one,  it  may  be 
indicated  by  putting  a  horizontal  caret  <  in  the  place  of  a  dot 
vowel  or  >  in  the  place  of  a  dash  vowel. 

J^t .— ..  *il -c_^. K ...s-y. -/r> -.y,. .... 

Ex.  deist, '  atheist,    clayey,    doughy,    snowy,    Louis,    St.  Louis. 

257.  The  w  or  the  y  semicircle  may  be  used  in  place  of  a  vowel 
to  indicate  that  the  sound  of  w  or  y  is  combined  with  the  vowel 
sound.  When  so  used,  c  or  -  is  inserted  in  place  of  a  dot  vowel 
and  >    or  A  in  place  of  a  dash  vowel.  ^ 

Ex.      Dissuade,       persuasion,        odium,        Isaiah,        superior. 
358.    As  far  as  practicable,  there  should  be  a  stroke  for  every 
syllable,  that  is,  a  stroke  for  every  vowel. 

259.  Other  things  being  equal,  a  horizontal  outline  is  preferred 
on  account  of  convenience,    Example. JZ^rrd.cotton. 

260.  Numerals,    a.    Most  numbers  are  expressed  by  figures. 

6.    When  alone,  c one  and should  always  be  written  in 

shorthand,  as  the  figures  are  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  phonographic 
characters. 

c.  It  is  better  to  write  two,  three,  ten,  first,  second,  third,  sixth, 
and  tenth  also  in  shorthand,  thus :  ^  i 

>  5  J   .^     -o    9    ^    (J 

d.  Instead  of  writing  two  or  more  ciphers  in  succession,  use  the 
word-signs  for  hundred,  thousand,  and  million. 

8:-^ I 'i-{ 9i::^__.„..^.... 

Ex.  800  2000  7000  9,000,000  100,000 

e.  When  convenient,  20,  30,  etc.,  may  be  expressed  as  follows: 


Shorthand  nianaal.  75 

261 .  Punctuation.    An  inch  space  may  be  used  for  a  long  pause 
such  as  a  period  or  a  semi-colon,  and  a  hul f  an  inch  space  for  a  shorter 

^                                                       X 
pause;  or  X  or,.^^  may  be  used  for  a  period,  and for  a  question 

mark.  (^  ^  orX  X  denotes  a  parenthesis.     A  dash  is  indicated  by  a 

waving  line,  thus- — -;  a  hyphen  by  the   sign  of  equality  =.     A 

dash  under  a  word  denotes  emphasis.     Two  parallel  horizontal 

lines  under  a  word  indicate  capitals.      Other  stops  may  be  written 

as  usual. 

262.  Derivatives.    Ait  far  as  practicable,  the  form  of  a  primitive 
word  should  be  retained  in  its  derivatives. 


\> 


^       v^      ^        L       L, 


Ex.    Found,  founder,  foundry,  foundation,   continue,  continued. 
263.    Sometimes,  however,  it  is  best  to  write  derivatives  unlike 
their  primitives. 


^ 


>i 1 

Ex.    See,        seen,        assign,        assignor,        weigh,        weighed. 

264.  Distinctions.  Words  dififering  in  meaning,  but  containing 
the  same  consonant  sounds,  may  be  distinguished, 

1.  By  an  arbitrary  or  a  natural  difference  in  their  outlines. 

/^  ^  X  ^    ^-^  s 

Ex.  Legal,   illegal,   resolute,  irresolute,    writer,    reader,    order 

/        c 

gentlemen,    agent. 

2.  By  a  difference  in  position. 

f ^^~^- -V^TT^.......^... .^... 

Ex.  Eminent,  imminent,  indication,  induction,  needless,  endlesa 

3.  By  vocalizing  one  of  the  words. 

Ex.    Migrate,        immigrate,        emigrate. 

265.  It  is  better  to  use  a  vowel  to  distinguish  between  words 
havtng  the  same  consonant  sounds  than  it  is  to  burden  the  memory 
with  too  many  arbitrary  forms. 

OMISSION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

266.  As  obscure  sounds  and  sounds  difficult  of  utterance  are 
often  omitted  in  the  careless  pronunciation  of  the  uneducated,  with- 
out destroying  the  intelligibility  of  their  speech,  so  in  shorthand 


76  Shopthand  manual. 

there  may  be  many  omissions  without  destroying  the  legibility 
of  the  writing, 

267.  An  obscure  consonant  sound  may  generally  be  omitted.  Ex. 

f  suggest,  not   ^ 

268.  A  prominent  consonant  sound  is  sometimes  omitted  when 
its  insertion  would  be  difficult,  and  when  the  remaining  consonawt 
Bonuds  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  the  word.  Ex.  \^  practicable. 

269.  W,  y,  and  h,  arc  the  consonants  most  frequently  omitted. 
Ex.    ^  frequent,      ^1     withdraw,     "'^    comprehend. 

270.  The  st  loop  is  often  changed  to  a  circle  in  the  middle  of 
words,  thus  omitting  t. 

Ex.    mostly,  mistake,  postofflce,  testimony,  western. 

271.  G,  li,  1,  n,  p,  or  r  may  also  be  omitted  when  there  would  be 
no  loss  of  legibility,  and  when  their  expression  would  necessitate  a 
tedious,  difficult  outline,  or  an  outline  that  would  extend  too  far 
below  the  line. 

Ex.  Distinguish,  sanction,  intelligent,  passenger,  tempt,  quarter. 

OMISSION  OF  SYLLABLES. 

272.  The  prefixes  con  and  circum  may  sometimes  be  omitted. 

— l---^::^- I  i 

Ex.  Contract,  in  consequence,  in  consideration,  circumstances. 

173.  The  affixes,  ing,  tial,  tially,  and  a  few  others  may  be  omit- 
ted in  words  of  frequent  occurrence  where  their  omission  would 
not  endanger  legibility.  _ 

.............        ^        ^ 

Ex.  Understanding,  having  done,  substantial. 

274.  An  outline  that  contains  only  a  part  of  the  consonant 
sounds  in  a  word  is  called  a  contraction. 

275.  Occasionally  a  long-hand  abbreviation  or  a  slang  word  may 
be  used  as  a  contraction. 

\> 


r 


c^ 


Ex.  N.  Y.,  New  York;  steno.,  stenographer,  reg.,  regular;  biz., 
business. 


Shorthand  nianual.  77 

276.  A  few  contractions  may  be  formed  by  intersections,  as  fol- 
lows:  Agent  by  an  intersected  /    Ex.    \  /     Book  agent. 

Association  by  an  intersected  _J  Ex.   <V^    Stenographic  As- 
sociation. ^- 
Company  by  an  intersected  —  Ex.      V~  Oil  Co. 
Department  by  an  intersected  |  Ex.    oj-^    "War  Dept. 

Railroad  by  an  intersected  /       Ex.     V^      Pennsylvania  Bail- 
road. 
Society  by  an  intersected  y       Ex.  ^~>v  Missionary  Soc. 
Superintendent  by  an  intersected  ^\       Ex.    ^/\    Gen.  Supt. 

277.  When  studying  the  examples  of  contractions  given  in  these 
pages,  the  student  should  first  write  each  word  in  full,  observing 
wherein  it  is  difficult  of  formation.  Then  he  should  carefully  note 
what  is  the  omission  in  the  contraction  and  the  reason  for  the 
omission.  In  this  way  he  will  not  only  fix  the  contraction  indel- 
ibly upon  his  mind,  but  he  will  gain  the  principle  upon  which  each 
contractfon  is  based,  and  will  be  able  to  form  similar  contractions 
of  his  own,  so  that  there  will  be  no  need  of  his  burdening  himself 

•with  long  lists  of  contractions  to  be  memorized. 

278.  Let  the  student,  however,  bear  in  mind  that  the  most  emi- 
nent reporters,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  use  compar- 
atively few  contractions  and  few  word-signs.  It  is  generally 
quicker,  as  well  as  safer,  to  write  a  long  outline,  than  it  is  to  stop 
writing  by  sound  and  rely  upon  the  memory  for  a  short  but  arbitrai'y 
form.  Writing  from  sound  becomes  mechanical  in  time,  and  what, 
ever  is  done  mechanically  can  be  done  swiftly  and  easily.  Do 
not  aim,  therefore,  to  form  as  many  contractions  as  possible,  but 
use  only  such  contractions  as  are  natural  and  easy  to  you. 

OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 

279.  Of  the,  may  be  omitted  and  indicated  by  writing  the  word 

following  o/fAe  close  to  the  word  that  precedes  it.  Ex.  i°-^i^^^  letter 
of  the  second  inst.     Sometimes  the  words  may   be  joined.    Ex. 
U    Gentlemen  of  the  jury. 

280.  To  may  be  omitted  and  indicated  by  writing  the  following 
word  below  the  line  of  writing,  half  a  stroke  below  the  third 
position.  This  is  sometimes  called  the  4th  position.  Ex to-day. 

281.  From — to  may  be  omitted  in  such  phrases  as  from  hour 
to  hour  ..^--.. ,  from  day  to  day  j  | 


78  Shorthand  manual. 

282.  And,  or,  and  the  are  occasionally  omitted  in  phrase- writing. 

rv^  <^  ^ 

Ex.    By  and  by,  more  and  more,  more  or  less,  sooner  or  later. 

283.  As  a  rule,  any  word  may  be  omitted,  which  must  and  will 
readily  be  supplied  to  complete  the  sense.  Ex.  C  we  mean 
to  have,      \.      it  ought  to  be,     q/''^     sworn  and  examined. 

284.  Conclusion. — As  this  book  contains  all  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  Phonography,  the  student  should  not  leave  it  until 
he  has  thoroughly  mastered  its  contents.  He  will  then  be 
prepared  to  read  "Business  Letters  in  Shorthand."  He  should 
also  spend  a  portion  of  each  day  in  writing  easy  miscellaneous 
matter.  He  should  first  copy  a  few  lines  very  slowly  and  carefully. 
Then  he  should  read  and  correct  what  he  has  written,  taking  great 
pains  to  be  perfectly  accurate,  regardless  of  the  time  required. 
After  he  is  satisfied  that  each  form  is  correct,  he  should  write  the 
same  from  dictation.  After  reading  and  correcting  his  notes  he 
should  write  the  same  matter  again  and  again  from  dictation, 
reading  and  correcting  his  notes  each  time  that  he  writes.  This 
should  be  continued  until  the  article  can  be  written  from  dictation 
with  absolute  correctness  and  with  considerable  speed.  The  rapid- 
ity of  the  dictation  may  be  gradually  increased,  and  more  diflicult 
matter  may  be  chosen. 

285.  In  order  to  win  success,  these  directions  must  be  observed : 

Aim  even  in  your  most  hurried  moments  to  make  each  phono- 
graph as  perfect  as  possible.  Be  especially  careful  to  make  each 
stroke  of  the  right  length.  Never  allow  yourself  to  make  the 
wrong  stroke  or  the  wrong  hook.  A  careless  habit  is  very  hard  to 
overcome,  and  it  is  fatal  to  success.  Accurate  writers  are  sure  of 
finding  employment,  even  if  they  are  slow;  but  no  one  wishes  a 
careless  stenographer  no  matter  how  swift  he  may  be.  Write, 
therefore,  no  faster  than  you  can  write  accurately. 

286.  Be  slow  to  adopt  forms  of  doubtful  brevity .  A  reporter  can 
do  better  and  swifter  work  if  he  feels  sure  while  he  is  writing,  that 
he  can  read  his  notes  when  they  are  cold.  Write  so  that  you  can  read 
your  notes  swiftly  and  correctly,  and  read  everything  that  you  write. 


ShoPthand  manual.  79 

BEVLEW  QUESTIONS. 

147.  In  phrasing,  which  word  is  written  in  position? 

H&.  Name  two  exceptions. 

149.  How  is  must  indicated  in  plirasing?     /,  you,  not? 

150.  What  docs  Iss  represent  in  phrasing? 

151.  What  is  indicated  by  the  f  or  v  hoolt  in  phrasing?      By  the 
n  hook,  the  r  hoolv,  the  1  hooli? 

152.  In  what  three  ^Yays  may  there,  their  and  they  are  bo  plirased? 

153.  Wliat  is  said  of  the  use  of  a  tick  for  he? 

154.  How  is  it  sometimes  indicated  in  phrasing? 

155.  What  phrases  should  the  student  use  at  present? 
160.  What  three  things  arc  to  be  considered  in  phrasing? 
157.  When  is  it  best  not  to  phrase?  •  Give  three  cases. 
168.  What  sets  of  words  should  be  plirased?  • 

159.  What  parts  of  speech  are  often  joined? 

160.  What  is  said  of  uncommon  words  and  proper  names? 

161.  How  is  a  semicircle  used  in  place  of  a  vowel  sign? 

162.  How  should  one  and  six  be  written,  when  alone? 

163.  What  other  numerals  may  l)e  written  in  shorthand,  and  how? 

164.  How  are  punctuation  marks  indicated  in  shorthand? 

165.  What  is  said  of  derivatives? 

166.  When  different  words  contain  the  same  consonant  sounds, 
how  may  they  be  distinguished?    Name  three  ways. 

167.  When  is  it  safe  to  omit  a  prominent  consonant  sound? 

168.  What  consonants  are  most  frequently  omitted? 

169.  What  other  consonants  may  be  omitted,  and  when? 

170.  What  is  said  of  the  st  loop  in  the  middle  of  words? 

171.  What  syllables  may  sometimes  be  omitted? 

172.  What  two  classes  of  words  often  form  the  basis  of  a  con- 
traction? 

173.  Name  seven  examples  of  intersections. 

174.  How  should  contractions  be  studied? 

175.  What  is  said  of  the  practice  of  reporters  in  regard  to  con- 
tractions and  word-signs? 

176.  What  is  said  of  the  omission  of  of  the? 

177.  Explain  the  fourth  position. 

178.  Give  several  examples  of  other  omissions  of  words. 

179.  How  can  you  tell  Avhen  it  is  safe  to  omit  a  word? 

180.  Outline  the  work  of  the  student  after  mastering  the  prin- 
ciples of  Phonography. 

181.  Give  five  cautions  and  final  direction. 


80 


Shorthand  fllanua]. 


WORD.SIGNS. 


^ 

\ 
\ 

r 


f 
1 

L 

/ 


Opportunity,  2  hope,S  party. 

Appear,  2  prlnclple-al,  3 
practice. 

Particular-ly,  3  part. 

Opinion,  2  upon,  3  happen. 

By,  2  be,  3  to  be. 

Bin. 

Build,  billed,  2  able  to. 

Re-inember-ed,3  number-ed 
2  Board. 
2  Before. 
2  Been. 
2  Balance. 

2  Objected,  2  objection. 
2  Subject- ed,  2  subjection. 

1  Committee,  2  it. 

2  Till,  tell,  3  until. 
2  Told. 

2  Truth, 
2  Toward. 
2  Whatever. 

1  Dollar.  2  do,  3  had,  advertise. 
1  Deal,  2  deliver. 

1  Doctor,  2  dear,  3  during. 

2  DIfferent-ce. 

1  Each,  2  which,  3  much. 


/ 
/ 


( 
( 

< 


2  Advantage,  3  large. 
2  Danger,  3  larger. 
2  General -ly. 
1  Common,  2  come. 
1  Quite,  2  could,  3  act. 
1  Equal-ly,  2  difficulty. 

1  Accordlng-ly,  3  accurate. 

2  Can. 

1  Because. 

1  Correct,  2  character. 

1  Given,  2  together,  3  ago. 

2  Good. 

1  Begin,  2  begun,  began. 

2  Govern-ed-ment. 
2  For. 

1  If  It,  2  after,  3  future. 
lFill,feel,2full-y. 

2  From.  <~\  2  afford 

2  Phonography. 

1  Ever,  2  have,  3  howeyer. 

3  Value. 

1  Over,  2  very,  every,  3  who 

ever. 

2  Several. 

2  Think,  3  thank,  thousand. 
2  Them,  3  though. 
I  That,  2  without. 


Shorthand  manual. 


81 


2  There,  their,  3  other. 
2  This,  3  those. 

1  Astonlsh-cd-ment,  2  estab- 

Ush-ed-ment. 

2  First. 
2  Was. 

1  Is,  his,  2  as,  has. 

I  Wish,  2  shall,  shalt,  3  issue. 

1  Wisher,  2  surc-ly,3  assure. 

1  Short,  3  assured. 

2  Usual -ly. 
2  Pleasure. 
2  WIU. 

1  Here,  2  are,  3  our,  hour. 

2  Where  3  aware. 
2  Him,  am,  home. 
1  Immediately. 

1  Somewhat. 
1  Million. 

1  Important-cc,    2    improvc- 
cd-ment. 

1  Impossible- Ity. 

1  Eomark-able-y,Mr.,2more. 

2  Matter. 

1  In.  any,  2  no,  own. 

2  Under,  hundred.  ^^  nature. 
1  Near,  nor. 

1  Information. 
1  Influence. 
1  When. 
Above. 


^P 


r 


\ 


Aj 

y 

7 


2  United  States. 
2  Now 

1  Thing,  2  long. 

2  Your. 
2  He. 

1  The,  2  a,  an,  3  and,  ah. 
1  All,  2  two,  too. 
1  Already,  2  oh,  owe. 
1  Ought,  2  whom. 
1  Of,  2  to. 
1  Or,  2  but. 
1  On,  2  should. 

1  /,  eye,  high. 

2  Jtow. 

1  TFe,  with,  2  were, 

1  What,  2  would. 

1  Ye,  year-s-ly,  2  yet, 

1  Beyond,  2  you. 

2  Probable -11  ity. 
2  Property. 

2  Public,  publish- cd. 
2  Never. 
2  Nevertheless. 
2  Notwithstanding. 
2  Uepresent. 
2  Representative. 
2  Representation. 
Knowledge. 

Acknowledge. 


The  italicized  words  in  this  list  arc  not  true  word-signs,  but 
are  regular  outlines. 


TABLE. 

1       2        S       4       5        G       7       8       9       10     11     12      13      14 

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TABLE-  (Continued.) 

15 

16 

17 

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19 

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23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

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s^5, 

CATAIvOaXJK 


PUBLISHED  BY 

ARTHUR  J.  BARNES, 

ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


Barnes'  Shorthand  Manual  (Containing  the  American  Pitman 
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"  It  is  the  nearest  approach  to  perfection  that  has  vet  come  to  my  notice." — 
Prof.  C.  11.  Brooks,  Western  Shorthand  University,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba. 

"  It  surpasses  every  other  work  I  have  examined."—  W.  N.  Ferris,  Ferris' 
Industrial  School,  Big  Uaplds,  Mich. 

"  It  seems  to  me  that  nothing  is  left  unsaid  or  unexplained  that  one  ought 
to  know  in  order  to  b.'come  an  expert  in  the  use  of  the  machine.  Every 
typewriter  ought  to  have  this  book  if  he  expects  to  become  a  successful 
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America).    Principal  Portland  Business  College,  Portland,  Maine. 

"I  am  in  receipt  of  your  elegant  Complete  Remington  Instructor  at  the 
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body  doing  work  or  having  work  done  on  the  typewriter  should  have  one." — 
B.  J{.  Van  Deusen,  Superintendent  Remington  Typewriter  Works  at  Illon, 
N.  Y. 

*'  I  have  taken  a  great  deal  of  pleasure  in  looking  through  your  Complete 
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tiou.  It  seems  to  me  to  cover  the  requirements  of  the  field  in  a  remarkable 
degree."—  S.  S.  Packard,  President  Packard  Business  College,  101  E.  23d  St., 
New  York  City. 


"Just  what  old  operators  need.  They  could  keep  their  machines  in  repair 
without  bothering  inc  if  they  only  had  this  book."— William  Filstead,  Call- 
graph  Machinist,  St.  Louis. 

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experience  and  technical  training  to  lit  you  for  producing  it,  and  second, 
tliac  you  spared  no  pains  to  make  it  useful  in  the  highest  degree." — Juo.  M. 
Fairaeld,  Treas.  American  Writing  Machine  Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 

"Your  Complete  Remington  Instructor  is  perfect  In  every  detail,  and  wo 
do  not  hesitate  to  predict  a  8|)leiidld  future  for  it."—  Sisters  of  Charily, 
House  of  Providence,  Vancouver,  Washington. 

"A  grand  work  exactly  suited  to  the  needs  of  typewriting  students." — A.  II. 
Hiuman,  President  of  Hinman's  business  College,  Worcester,  Mass. 

"  I  know  the  Complete  Caligraph  Instructor  Is  destined  to  work  a  revolu- 
tion in  that  branch  of  pitudy  In  this  institution,  and  that  will  be  in  the  line  of 
decidedly  belter  Caligraph  operators,  and  more  rapid,  more  careful  and 
more  systematic  work  will  be  done  in  every  way."—  A.  H.  Ideals,  President 
of  the  Industrial  Institution  and  College,  Columbus,  Miss. 

"  Your  book  more  than  meets  mr  expectations,  and  is  in  my  estimation  all 
that  can  be  desired  by  the  most  exacting.  It  is  just  what  our  students 
need." — C.  K.  Urner,  President  of  Business  College,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

"I  hope  each  one  of  my  pupils  can  have  one."— Miss  C.  L.  Spencer,  Prin- 
cipal Shorthand  Deparunent,  Detroit  Business  University,  Detroit,  Mich. 

"After  a  careful  examination  of  your  Complete  Caligraph  Instructor  I  pro- 
nounce it  the  finest  thing  of  the  kind  I  have  ever  seen."— G.  IS.  Lindsey, 
Houston  Business  College,  Houston,  Texas. 

"  We  think  How  to  Become  Expert  in  Typewriting  the  best  of  Its  kind  that 
has  yet  come  to  us.  We  shall  make  use  of  it  in  our  Shorthand  and  Type- 
writing Department.'— Baldwin  &  Morse,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

"I  have  examined  How  to  Become  Expert  in  Typewriting  and  think  that 
you  have  treated  the  subject  very  thoioughly  and  that  it  is  the  most  complete 
work  of  its  kind  published.  We  like  your  Shorthand  Manual  and  shall  con- 
tinue to  use  it."— C.  A.  Davis,  Principal  Washington  Business  High  Bchool, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

"  I  have  carefully  examined  Mrs.  Barnes'  work,  entitled  the  'Complete 
Remington  Instructor,'  and  in  my  judgment  it  is  the  most  complete  and  com- 
prehensive work  published  upon  the  subject  of  Typewriting. 

The  superior  arrangement  and  careful  gradation  of  principles  which  char- 
acterize other  text- books  of  the  author  aijp  the  distinctive  features  of  this 
worlv,  and  make  it  In  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word  worthy  of  the  name 
which  has  been  ascribed  to  it."— B.  A.  Farnham,  Comer's  Commercial  Col- 
lege, Boston,  Mass. 

"  I  gave  your  complete  Remington  Instructor  to  our  typewriting  teacher 
for  examination.  She  is  very  much  Impressed  with  your  clear  and  logical 
method  and  thinks  it  an  exceedingly  good  text- book. 

At  what  price  do  you  furnish  your  books  to  schools  —  say,  in  lots  of  one 
bundled  volumes  ?"—N.  P.  Heffley, Principal  Shorthand  Dept.,  Pratt  Insti- 
tute, Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

"It  has  no  superior."— Alfred  Day,  Principal  Shorthand  Department 
Spencer,  Felton  &  Loomis  Business  and  Shorthand  College,  Cleveland,  Ohio 


ABRIDGED    REMINUTOK    mrSTRVCTOK      -        -        -      .50. 
ABRIDGED    CAEIGRAPH    INSTRUCTOR       •       •       -      .50. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


JUN3  ms 
SEP  10 195? 

— ■■  Oils. 


m  ^ 


nn 


Form  L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 


UNITERSITY  of  CAIIFORNIa 
AT 


Robertson's  Shorthand  School. 

From 

E.   M.   OLMSTEAD'S 

Type-Writer  Supply    Headquarters, 

274  Main  Street,  Hartford,  Conn. 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARV  FAC!L 


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